{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:52:18Z","timestamp":1789195938223,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Powassan virus (POWV; Family: Flaviviridae, Genus: Flavivirus) is the sole North American member of the tick-borne encephalitis sero-complex. While associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, POWV has historically been of little public health concern due to low incidence rates. However, over the last 20 yr, incidence rates have increased highlighting the growing epidemiological threat. Currently, there are no vaccines or therapeutics with tick habitat reduction, acaricide application, and public awareness programs being our primary means of intervention. The effectiveness of these control strategies is dependent on having a sound understanding of the virus\u2019s ecology. In this Forum, we review what is currently known about POWV ecology, identify gaps in our knowledge, and discuss prevailing and alternative hypotheses about transmission dynamics, reservoir hosts, and spatial focality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjad095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T18:14:46Z","timestamp":1697825686000},"page":"1142-1148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The known unknowns of Powassan virus ecology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6486-3134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doug E","family":"Brackney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station , New Haven, CT , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0027-6480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantal B F","family":"Vogels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health , New Haven, CT , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1475","article-title":"The prevalence of zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes scapularis collected in the Hudson Valley, New York state","volume":"14","author":"Aliota","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0294","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic characterization of Powassan virus strains infecting Ixodes scapularis in Connecticut","volume":"87","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(01)00330-6","article-title":"Nucleotide sequencing and serological evidence that the recently recognized deer tick virus is a genotype of Powassan virus","volume":"79","author":"Beasley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3390\/v11050462","article-title":"First isolation and phylogenetic analyses of tick-borne encephalitis virus in lower Saxony, Germany","volume":"11","author":"Boelke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10121282","article-title":"Phylogeography and re-evaluation of evolutionary rate of Powassan virus using complete genome data","volume":"10","author":"Bondaryuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.267","article-title":"The effects of midgut serine proteases on dengue virus type 2 infectivity of Aedes aegypti","volume":"79","author":"Brackney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.971","article-title":"Stable prevalence of Powassan virus in Ixodes scapularis in a northern Wisconsin focus","volume":"79","author":"Brackney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10180","article-title":"Microclimate and the zoonotic cycle of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Switzerland","volume":"48","author":"Burri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0009","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0010","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0011","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1139\/m69-090","article-title":"Powassan virus transmission by Ixodid ticks infected after feeding on viremic rabbits injected intravenously","volume":"15","author":"Chernesky","year":"1969","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3346-6","article-title":"Repeated isolation of tick-borne encephalitis virus from adult Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in an endemic area in Germany","volume":"12","author":"Chitimia-Dobler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.536","article-title":"Experimental transmission of Powassan Virus (Flaviviridae) by Ixodes scapularis ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"55","author":"Costero","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725","article-title":"Ecological impacts of deer overabundance","volume":"35","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0016","first-page":"73","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the role of grey squirrels as hosts of Ixodes ricinus, the tick vector of the Lyme disease spirochaete, in a British woodland","volume":"42","author":"Craine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2002.060","article-title":"Potential significance of transovarial transmission in the circulation of tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"49","author":"Danielov\u00e1","year":"2002","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1912.130319","article-title":"Powassan virus in mammals, Alaska and New Mexico, U.S.A., and Russia, 2004-2007","volume":"19","author":"Deardorff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21396-0_17","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis: from microfocus to human disease.","volume-title":"Progress in parasitology","author":"Dobler","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-185","article-title":"Isolation of deer tick virus (Powassan virus, lineage II) from Ixodes scapularis and detection of antibody in vertebrate hosts sampled in the Hudson Valley, New York State","volume":"6","author":"Dupuis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-112408-085446","article-title":"Update on Powassan virus: emergence of a North American tick-borne flavivirus","volume":"55","author":"Ebel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rev Entomol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.36","article-title":"Enzootic transmission of deer tick virus in New England and Wisconsin sites","volume":"63","author":"Ebel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0504.990423","article-title":"A focus of deer tick virus transmission in the north-central United States","volume":"5","author":"Ebel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-7-1657","article-title":"Phylogeny of North American Powassan virus","volume":"82","author":"Ebel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101649","article-title":"Control of Ixodid ticks and prevention of tick-borne diseases in the United States: the prospect of a new Lyme disease vaccine and the continuing problem with tick exposure on residential properties","volume":"12","author":"Eisen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102025","article-title":"Tick species infesting humans in the United States","volume":"13","author":"Eisen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.12.006","article-title":"The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis: an increasing public health concern","volume":"34","author":"Eisen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1079\/9781789249637.0026","article-title":"Range expansion of Ixodes scapularis in the USA","volume-title":"Climate, ticks and disease","author":"Fish","year":"2021"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0029","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Powassan encephalitis: a case report with neuropathology and literature review","volume":"161","author":"Gholam","year":"1999","journal-title":"CMAJ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3001066","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001066","article-title":"Why Lyme disease is common in the northern US, but rare in the south: the roles of host choice, host-seeking behavior, and tick density","volume":"19","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02828-1","article-title":"Incrimination of shrews as a reservoir for Powassan virus","volume":"4","author":"Goethert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vew033","article-title":"Transmission bottlenecks and RNAi collectively influence tick-borne flavivirus evolution","volume":"2","author":"Grubaugh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2902.220410","article-title":"Powassan virus lineage I in field-collected Dermacentor variabilis ticks, New York, USA","volume":"29","author":"Hart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1004.030566","article-title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, and Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes scapularis, southern coastal Maine","volume":"10","author":"Holman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0179781","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179781","article-title":"Interferon signaling in Peromyscus leucopus confers a potent and specific restriction to vector-borne flaviviruses","volume":"12","author":"Izuogu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"4816","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3616608","article-title":"A novel mode of arbovirus transmission involving a nonviremic host","volume":"237","author":"Jones","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0270","article-title":"Evaluation of the function of a type I peritrophic matrix as a physical barrier for midgut epithelium invasion by mosquito-borne pathogens in Aedes aegypti","volume":"8","author":"Kato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00339","article-title":"Tick-borne viruses and biological processes at the tick-host-virus interface","volume":"7","author":"Kazim\u00edrov\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0039","article-title":"Tick-borne flaviviruses, with a focus on Powassan virus","volume":"32","author":"Kemenesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-010-9378-4","article-title":"Attachment site selection of ticks on roe deer, Capreolus capreolus","volume":"53","author":"Kiffner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses","volume":"16","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0728","article-title":"Patterns of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection in rodents in Slovenia","volume":"12","author":"Knap","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2082","article-title":"Powassan\/deer tick virus and Borrelia burgdorferi infection in Wisconsin tick populations","volume":"17","author":"Knox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1139\/z72-061","article-title":"Biology of Ixodes cookei Packard (Ixodidae) of groundhogs (Marmota monax Erxleben)","volume":"50","author":"Ko","year":"1972","journal-title":"Can J Zool."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/77.2.142","article-title":"Quantity of blood ingested by four species of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) fed on domestic dogs","volume":"77","author":"Koch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Entomol Soc Am."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0046","first-page":"2197","article-title":"Susceptibility of wild and domesticated mammals to four arboviruses","volume":"30","author":"Kokernot","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.671","article-title":"Genomic sequencing of deer tick virus and phylogeny of Powassan-related viruses of North America","volume":"65","author":"Kuno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1475","article-title":"Fundamental processes in the evolutionary ecology of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"4","author":"Kurtenbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1993.tb00702.x","article-title":"Amplification of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection during co-feeding of ticks","volume":"7","author":"Labuda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01923553","article-title":"Non-viraemic transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus: a mechanism for arbovirus survival in nature","volume":"49","author":"Labuda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"issue":"5-7","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(99)80005-X","article-title":"Survival strategy of tick-borne encephalitis virus: cellular basis and environmental determinants","volume":"289","author":"Labuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155585","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2155585","article-title":"Identification and characterization of novel lineage 1 Powassan virus strains in New York State","volume":"12","author":"Lange","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0376-y","article-title":"Characterization of Powassan viruses from Far Eastern Russia","volume":"154","author":"Leonova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Virol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101414","article-title":"Dermacentor reticulatus is a vector of tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"11","author":"Li\u010dkov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0055","first-page":"538","article-title":"Isolation of the Powassan virus from Haemaphysalis neumanni Donitz, 1905 ticks in the Maritime Territory","volume":"104","author":"L\u2019Vov","year":"1974","journal-title":"Vopr Virusol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-15.4.585","article-title":"Powassan virus in Ixodes cookei and Mustelidae in New England","volume":"15","author":"Main","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0057","first-page":"708","article-title":"Powassan virus: isolation of virus from a fatal case of encephalitis","volume":"80","author":"McLean","year":"1959","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0058","first-page":"182","article-title":"Powassan and Silverwater viruses: ecology of two Ontario arboviruses","volume":"88","author":"Mclean","year":"1963","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J."},{"issue":"21","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0059","first-page":"971","article-title":"Powassan virus: field investigations in Northern Ontario, 1959 to 1961","volume":"86","author":"McLean","year":"1962","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vead008","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead008","article-title":"Phylodynamics of deer tick virus in North America","volume":"9","author":"McMinn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111069","article-title":"In vivo characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus in bank voles (Myodes glareolus)","volume":"11","author":"Michelitsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070669","article-title":"Exploring the reservoir hosts of tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"11","author":"Michelitsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005346","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005346","article-title":"Modeling Powassan virus infection in Peromyscus leucopus, a natural host","volume":"11","author":"Mlera","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0105","article-title":"Powassan virus experimental infections in three wild mammal species","volume":"104","author":"Nemeth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9072","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303395110","article-title":"Host and viral features of human dengue cases shape the population of infected and infectious Aedes aegypti mosquitoes","volume":"110","author":"Nguyet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11745","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011745","article-title":"Persistence of pathogens with short infectious periods in seasonal tick populations: the relative importance of three transmission routes","volume":"5","author":"Nonaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.12.013","article-title":"A dynamic population model to investigate effects of climate on geographic range and seasonality of the tick Ixodes scapularis","volume":"35","author":"Ogden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0068","first-page":"69","article-title":"The measurement of blood meal size in Aedes aegypti (L.)","volume":"9","author":"Ogunrinade","year":"1980","journal-title":"Afr J Med Med Sci."},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.024232-0","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Powassan virus in North America","volume":"91","author":"Pesko","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gen Virol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1479","article-title":"Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of tick-borne encephalitis virus in rodents captured in the transdanubian region of Hungary","volume":"14","author":"Pint\u00e9r","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(91)90097-J","article-title":"Control of diuresis in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti: evidence for similar mechanisms in the male and female","volume":"37","author":"Plawner","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1080\/01647954.2021.2005141","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of Powassan\/deer tick virus in Pennsylvania","volume":"47","author":"Price","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Acarol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.01.020","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus in arthropod vectors in the Far East of Russia","volume":"9","author":"Pukhovskaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004004925","article-title":"Tick ecology: processes and patterns behind the epidemiological risk posed by Ixodid ticks as vectors","volume":"129 Suppl","author":"Randolph","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(96)10072-7","article-title":"Co-feeding ticks: epidemiological significance for tick-borne pathogen transmission","volume":"12","author":"Randolph","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitol Today."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099006083","article-title":"Seasonal synchrony: the key to tick-borne encephalitis foci identified by satellite data","volume":"121","author":"Randolph","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098003643","article-title":"Incidence from coincidence: patterns of tick infestations on rodents facilitate transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"118","author":"Randolph","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.010519","article-title":"Co-feeding transmission and its contribution to the perpetuation of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia afzelii","volume":"8","author":"Richter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0281","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic characterization of deer tick virus (Powassan virus, lineage II) in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in Maine","volume":"101","author":"Robich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04974-1","article-title":"Vector competence of human-biting ticks Ixodes scapularis, Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis for Powassan virus","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.04.002","article-title":"New insights into the machinery of blood digestion by ticks","volume":"29","author":"Sojka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb19865.x","article-title":"The emergence of Lyme disease and human babesiosis in a changing environment","volume":"740","author":"Spielman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.9.2887-2892.1999","article-title":"Infection with agents of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, and babesiosis in wild white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in Connecticut","volume":"37","author":"Stafford","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7211a1","article-title":"Trends in reported babesiosis cases\u2014United States, 2011-2019","volume":"72","author":"Swanson","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27483-1","article-title":"Vector competence of Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks for a Japanese isolate of the Thogoto virus","volume":"8","author":"Talactac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0302.970209","article-title":"A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini","volume":"3","author":"Telford","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-104-25836","article-title":"Isolation of a virus closely related to Powassan virus from Dermacentor andersoni collected along North Cache la Poudre River, Colo","volume":"104","author":"Thomas","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med."},{"issue":"16","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2218012120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2218012120","article-title":"Phylogeographic reconstruction of the emergence and spread of Powassan virus in the northeastern United States","volume":"120","author":"Vogels","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.032417-0","article-title":"Relation of genetic phylogeny and geographical distance of tick-borne encephalitis virus in central Europe","volume":"92","author":"Weidmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gen Virol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.6.379","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus in Clethrionomys glareolus in the Czech Republic","volume":"6","author":"Weidmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/22.4.408","article-title":"Seasonal activity of immature Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"22","author":"Wilson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023111418455479900_CIT0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-17.2.303","article-title":"Powassan virus infection in snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus)","volume":"17","author":"Zarnke","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/60\/6\/1142\/53404817\/tjad095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/60\/6\/1142\/53404817\/tjad095.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T18:55:00Z","timestamp":1699988100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article\/60\/6\/1142\/7321683"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ary","family":"Faraji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjad095","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2585","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]}}}