{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:44:06Z","timestamp":1785548646587,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008731","name":"Nakatomi Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-Ippan-29"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-Ippan-29"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Female sand fleas (Tunga penetrans Linnaeus, 1758, Siphonaptera: Tungidae) cause a severe parasitic skin disease known as tungiasis. T. penetrans is a small flea, measuring less than 1 mm in length. The females of this species burrow into the skin of human and animal hosts and mostly affect the feet. This has led to the anecdotal assumption that T. penetrans, unlike its relatives in the Siphonaptera family, would have a limited jumping ability potentially not reaching higher body parts. However, there is no data supporting this. This study evaluated the jumping capabilities of T. penetrans for height and distance using sticky tapes. The vertical jump of the female T. penetrans ranged from 4.5 to 100 mm with a mean of 40 mm whereas the vertical jump of the male T. penetrans ranged from 1.2 to 138 mm with a mean of 46 mm. The horizontal jump of the female T. penetrans ranged from 18 to 138 mm with a mean of 64 mm and that of the male ranged from 9 to 251 mm with a mean of 80 mm. Based on the literature, fleas of various species have been described as jumping vertically 50\u2013100 times their size and horizontally 5\u2013100 times their size. In this respect, sand fleas appear to have equal expert jumping abilities to their relatives. Their aggregation on people\u2019s feet is not likely a result of their poor jumping ability but might be an adaptation to the host\u2019s behavior which would require further investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjad143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T18:01:41Z","timestamp":1697824901000},"page":"261-265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Myth or truth: investigation of the jumping ability of <i>Tunga penetrans<\/i> (Siphonaptera: Tungidae)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4302-3793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayako","family":"Hyuga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology , Nairobi 00100 , Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology , Nairobi 00100 , Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abneel K","family":"Matharu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology , Nairobi 00100 , Kenya"},{"name":"Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin , Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163 Berlin , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2842-8100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Kr\u00fccken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin , Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163 Berlin , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9464-0911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University , 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi 852-8523, Nagasaki , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kensuke","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health and Safety Sciences Education, Department of Educational Collaboration, Osaka Kyoiku University , 4-698-1 Asahigaoka, Kashiwara-shi 582-8582, Osaka , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-431X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Fillinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology , Nairobi 00100 , Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0001","first-page":"5","article-title":"Cost-effective PCR-based identification of Tunga penetrans (Siphonaptera) larvae extracted from soil samples containing PCR inhibitor-rich material","volume-title":"Insects","author":"Amugune","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0002","first-page":"881","article-title":"Imported tungiasis","volume-title":"Int J Dermatol","author":"Burke","year":"1991"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0003","first-page":"239","article-title":"A comparison of jump performances of the dog flea, Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis, 1826) and the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouch\u00e9, 1835)","volume-title":"Vet Parasitol","author":"Cadiergues","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0004","first-page":"901","article-title":"Development of a trap for collecting newly emerged Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) in homes","volume-title":"J Med Entomol","author":"Dryden","year":"1993"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0005","first-page":"87","article-title":"Investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of Tunga penetrans in Brazil: I","volume-title":"Parasitol Res","author":"Eisele","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0006","first-page":"85","article-title":"Infection with tungiasis through interhost movement of adult female sand fleas, Tunga penetrans","volume-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","author":"Elson","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0007","first-page":"e3133","article-title":"Tungiasis\u2014a neglected disease with many challenges for global public health","volume-title":"PLoS NeglTrop Dis","author":"Feldmeier","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0008","first-page":"282","article-title":"A second species of Tunga (Insecta, Siphonaptera) infecting man: Tunga 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endemic villages of Uganda","volume-title":"Parasit Vectors","author":"Mutebi","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0018","first-page":"233","article-title":"Investigations on the life cycle and morphology of Tunga penetrans in Brazil","volume-title":"Parasitol Res","author":"Nagy","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0019","author":"Ngan","year":"2008"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0020","first-page":"172","article-title":"Sand flea (Tunga spp) infections in humans and domestic animals: state of the art","volume-title":"Med Vet Entomol","author":"Pampiglione","year":"2009"},{"issue":"Suppl.1","key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0021","first-page":"127","article-title":"A new species of Tunga (Insecta, Siphonaptera) in Ecuador","volume":"44","author":"Pampiglione","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0022","first-page":"9","article-title":"Additional description of a new species of Tunga (Siphonaptera) from Ecuador","volume-title":"Parasite","author":"Pampiglione","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0023","first-page":"613","article-title":"Neosomy in fleas, and the sessile life-style","volume-title":"J Zool","author":"Rothschild","year":"1992"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0024","first-page":"92","article-title":"The flying leap of the flea","volume-title":"Sci Am","author":"Rothschild","year":"1973"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0025","first-page":"11","article-title":"Tunga penetrans: a stowaway from around the world","volume-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol","author":"Sachse","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0026","first-page":"325","article-title":"Siphonaptera (Fleas)","volume-title":"Insects and other arthropods of medical importance","author":"Smit","year":"1973"},{"key":"2024011209112967800_CIT0027","first-page":"440","article-title":"The fate of the embedded virgin sand flea Tunga penetrans: hypothesis, self-experimentation and photographic 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