{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:34:06Z","timestamp":1790948046836,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y T\u00e9cnica","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PICT-2019 01334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT-2019 01334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"CONICET","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIP 0198 CO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIP 0198 CO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB 1655600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 1655600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB 0845392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 0845392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The cosmopolitan ectoparasite human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer)(Phthiraptera:Pediculidae), affects mostly school-aged children, with infestations reported every year mainly due to louse resistance to pyrethroids. One of the main resistance mechanisms of pyrethroids is the target site insensitivity (kdr), which is caused by single-nucleotide point mutations (SNPs) located in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene. In this study, we analyzed individual head lice toxicologically via the description of their susceptibility profile to permethrin and genetically through the genotypification of their kdr alleles as well as nuclear microsatellite loci. Lice were collected from 4 schools in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The resistance ratios varied from 33.3% to 71.4%, with a frequency of the T917I kdr mutation of 87.31% and with 83.6% of the head lice being homozygous resistant to pyrethroids. Microsatellite data indicated that all the louse school populations had genotype proportions that deviated from Hardy\u2013Weinberg expectations, with FIS\u2005&amp;gt;\u20050 reflecting a deficit of heterozygotes. Bottleneck analysis suggested that all louse school populations underwent a recent reduction in population sizes, while 3 of the 4 schools had gene flow values around 1, indicating ongoing gene flow among those schools. Our study suggests that school louse populations in the city of Buenos Aires may form a metapopulation, where each school represents a small population that undergoes extinction and recolonization processes under strong permethrin selection. This is the first multilevel analysis integrating toxicological, kdr-genotyping, and microsatellite data in human louse populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjae048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T15:51:51Z","timestamp":1713455511000},"page":"984-994","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Measuring local genetic variation in permethrin-resistant head lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Buenos Aires, Argentina"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2090-2135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariel C","family":"Toloza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CONICET-UNIDEF-MINDEF), Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397 , Villa Martelli, CP 1603, Buenos Aires ,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5239-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina S","family":"Ascunce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE), Fire Ant Unit , Gainesville, FL ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025041720021318200_CIT0001","first-page":"e0293409","article-title":"Nuclear genetic diversity of head lice sheds light on human dispersal around the world","volume-title":"PLoS One","author":"Ascunce","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025041720021318200_CIT0002","first-page":"e57619","article-title":"Nuclear genetic diversity in human lice (Pediculus humanus) reveals continental differences and high inbreeding among worldwide populations","volume-title":"PLoS One","author":"Ascunce","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025041720021318200_CIT0003","first-page":"409","article-title":"A quasi-equilibrium theory of the distribution of rare alleles in a subdivided population","volume-title":"Heredity","author":"Barton","year":"1986"},{"key":"2025041720021318200_CIT0004","first-page":"410","article-title":"Molecular identification of head lice collected in Franceville (Gabon) and their associated bacteria","volume-title":"Parasit Vectors","author":"Boumbanda-Koyo","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025041720021318200_CIT0005","first-page":"475","article-title":"No evidence of Bartonella quintana but detection of Acinetobacter baumannii in head lice from elementary schoolchildren in Paris","volume-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis","author":"Bouvresse","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025041720021318200_CIT0006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determination, mechanism and monitoring of knockdown resistance in permethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis","volume-title":"J Asia-Pac Entomol","author":"Clark","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025041720021318200_CIT0007","first-page":"2001","article-title":"Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data","volume-title":"Genetics","author":"Cornuet","year":"1996"},{"key":"2025041720021318200_CIT0008","first-page":"73","article-title":"High frequency of mutations associated with head lice pyrethroid resistance in schoolchildren from Bobigny, France","volume-title":"J Med Entomol","author":"Durand","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025041720021318200_CIT0009","first-page":"796","article-title":"Detection of pyrethroid resistance gene in head lice in schoolchildren from Bobigny, France","volume-title":"J Med Entomol","author":"Durand","year":"2007"},{"key":"2025041720021318200_CIT0010","first-page":"359","article-title":"STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method","volume-title":"Conserv Genet Resour","author":"Earl","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025041720021318200_CIT0011","first-page":"1067","article-title":"Molecular markers of pesticide resistance and pathogens in human head lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from rural Georgia, USA","volume-title":"J Med Entomol","author":"Eremeeva","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025041720021318200_CIT0012","first-page":"2611","article-title":"Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study","volume-title":"Mol Ecol","author":"Evanno","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025041720021318200_CIT0013","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of head lice","volume-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","author":"Falagas","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025041720021318200_CIT0014","first-page":"65","article-title":"Global trends in genetic markers of Pediculus humanus capitis resistance mechanisms","volume-title":"Curr. 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