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However, studies using morphological methods to estimate the intrapuparial age of P. regina are lacking. In this study, morphological changes within the puparium were observed under a stereomicroscope at 7 constant temperatures ranging from 16 \u00b0C to 34 \u00b0C. The intrapuparial period was categorized into 12 substages. Morphological indicators, including compound eyes, mouthparts, antennae, thorax, legs, wings, and abdomen, were recorded in detail. The observed morphological changes were divided into 6\u201310 substages, and the duration of each substage was also recorded in detail. The results of this study provide primary data for using the intrapuparial morphology of P. regina when pupae are collected at a crime scene and estimating the minimum postmortem interval.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjae123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T16:48:22Z","timestamp":1727110102000},"page":"47-62","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development and age estimation of the intrapuparial period of <i>Phormia regina<\/i> (Diptera: Calliphoridae) for postmortem interval estimation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Ruonan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University , Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinghui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University , Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University , Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University , Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University , Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gengwang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University , Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yundi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University , Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shipeng","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University , Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiya","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University , Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University , Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7097-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University , Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2025011604461013400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.07.013","article-title":"Forensic entomology in Kuwait: the first case report","volume":"206","author":"Al-Mesbah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. 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