{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:11:43Z","timestamp":1740147103991,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Mosquitoes of the Culex (Cx.) pipiens complex are vectors of severe diseases including West Nile fever by West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis by Japanese encephalitis virus, and Lymphatic filariasis by filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti. As a major portion of mosquito immune system, the Toll pathway implicates in response against infections of mosquito-borne pathogens and biocontrol agents. The genetic diversity of immune-related molecules is expected to be a feasible and effective introduction to expand our knowledge of the mosquito-microbe interplay. However, a comprehensive description is currently lacking regarding the genetic characteristic of the Toll pathway molecules in Cx. pipiens complex mosquitoes. In the present study, genetic changes in Cx. pipiens complex MyD88 (Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88) were analyzed as a precedent for the Toll pathway molecules in this taxon. MyD88 is a critical adaptor of the pathway transducing signals from TIR-containing receptors to downstream death domain-containing molecules. Our results revealed that adaptive selection has influenced the genetic changes of the molecule, giving rise to acceleration of diversity at a number of amino acid sites. The adaptively selected sites lie in the death domain, intermediate domain, and C-terminal extension. The characteristics of the genetic changes shed insights into the prominent molecular-level structural basis and the involvement strategy of the adaptor in the arms race against exogenous challenges. This finding would be beneficial for further exploration and deeper understanding of the mosquitoes\u2019 vectorial capacity and facilitating the effectiveness and sustainability of the biocontrol agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjae128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T16:32:54Z","timestamp":1729614774000},"page":"29-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic characterization of immune adaptor molecule MyD88 in <i>Culex pipiens<\/i> complex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes from China"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Xueting","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caifei","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Guizhou University , Guiyang ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Guiyang ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Wuhan ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongqing","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Kunming , Kunming ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2329-6919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"msad041","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msad041","article-title":"Beginner\u2019s Guide on the Use of PAML to Detect Positive Selection","volume":"40","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Carretero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/v10010030","article-title":"Metagenomic virome analysis of culex mosquitoes from Kenya and China","volume":"10","author":"Atoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00687-9","article-title":"A dataset of distribution and diversity of mosquito-associated viruses and their mosquito vectors in China","volume":"7","author":"Atoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0004","first-page":"1154","volume-title":"Mosquito vector competence for Japanese encephalitis virus","author":"Auerswald","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2307\/3273579","article-title":"Biometrical notes on the hybridization of Culex pipiens L. and C. quinquefasciatus Say","volume":"37","author":"Barr","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Parasitol"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010715-023530","article-title":"Mosquito immunobiology: the intersection of vector health and vector competence","volume":"63","author":"Bartholomay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"issue":"6000","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193162","article-title":"Pathogenomics of Culex quinquefasciatus and meta-analysis of infection responses to diverse pathogens","volume":"330","author":"Bartholomay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6369","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/356519a0","article-title":"Levels of naturally occurring DNA polymorphism correlate with recombination rates in D. melanogaster","volume":"356","author":"Begun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21504","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021504","article-title":"Comparative genomic analysis of drosophila melanogaster and vector mosquito developmental genes","volume":"6","author":"Behura","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.06.028","article-title":"Current vector control challenges in the fight against malaria","volume":"174","author":"Benelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0011","first-page":"1464","volume-title":"Evidence of adaptive evolution in Wolbachia-Regulated Gene DNMT2 and its role in the dipteran immune response and pathogen blocking","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2021"},{"issue":"38","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13568","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502815102","article-title":"Transgenic alteration of Toll immune pathway in the female mosquito Aedes aegypti","volume":"102","author":"Bian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2020.107505","article-title":"Antifungal immune responses in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): a review","volume":"178","author":"Bitencourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.01.019","article-title":"A promiscuous lipid-binding protein diversifies the subcellular sites of toll-like receptor signal transduction","volume":"156","author":"Bonham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-5793(96)01506-2","article-title":"The cloning and characterization of human MyD88: a member of an IL-1 receptor related family 1","volume":"402","author":"Bonnert","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021790","article-title":"Inhibition of Interleukin 1 Receptor\/Toll-like receptor signaling through the alternatively spliced, short form of MyD88 Is due to its failure to Recruit IRAK-4","volume":"197","author":"Burns","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.06.010161.002103","article-title":"Mechanism of transmission of viruses by mosquitoes","volume":"6","author":"Chamberlain","year":"1961","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"issue":"5591","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077136","article-title":"Immunity-related genes and gene families in Anopheles gambiae","volume":"298","author":"Christophides","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2017.05.002","article-title":"West Nile virus and its vectors","volume":"22","author":"Ciota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485307004968","article-title":"Genetic differentiation of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in China","volume":"97","author":"Cui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res"},{"volume-title":"Culex pipiens\u2014factsheet for experts","year":"2020","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0021"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a119263","article-title":"Relationships between certain populations of culex pipiens linnaeus and culex quinque-fasciatus say in the United States 12","volume":"49","author":"Farid","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x","article-title":"Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap","volume":"39","author":"Felsenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Evolution Int. J. Org Evolution"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.01.005","article-title":"Revamping mosquito-borne disease control to tackle future threats","volume":"34","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.01.034","article-title":"Anti-Immunology: evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and viral pathogens","volume":"124","author":"Finlay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918052","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2022.918052","article-title":"Culex quinquefasciatus Holobiont: a fungal metagenomic approach","volume":"3","author":"Flores","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Fungal Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0027","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotech"},{"issue":"4964","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/2041173a0","article-title":"Prognosis for interruption of malaria transmission through assessment of the Mosquito\u2019s Vectorial Capacity","volume":"204","author":"Garrett-Jones","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0029","first-page":"1148","article-title":"Effect of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana on larvae of three species of mosquitoes","volume":"37","author":"Geetha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007716","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007716","article-title":"The emerged genotype I of Japanese encephalitis virus shows an infectivity similar to genotype III in Culex pipiens mosquitoes from China","volume":"13","author":"Hameed","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl.Trop. Dis"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.06.005","article-title":"Classification within the cosmopolitan genus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae): the foundation for molecular systematics and phylogenetic research","volume":"120","author":"Harbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.28.010183.001305","article-title":"Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for Arboviruses","volume":"28","author":"Hardy","year":"1983","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"issue":"41","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14812","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406166101","article-title":"Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator","volume":"101","author":"Hebert Paul","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0202-121","article-title":"Drosophila innate immunity: an evolutionary perspective","volume":"3","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"issue":"22","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12654","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231471798","article-title":"Drosophila MyD88 is an adapter in the Toll signaling pathway","volume":"98","author":"Horng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025694","article-title":"Rapid evolution of immunoglobulin superfamily C2 domains expressed in immune system cells","volume":"14","author":"Hughes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol"},{"issue":"7873","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.embor714","article-title":"DmMyD88 controls dorsoventral patterning of the Drosophila embryo","volume":"4","author":"Kambris","year":"2003","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0039","first-page":"39","article-title":"Chapter two\u2014the role of environmental, virological and vector interactions in dictating biological transmission of arthropod-borne viruses by mosquitoes","volume-title":"Advances in virus research","author":"Kenney","year":"2014"},{"volume-title":"Molecular evolution","year":"1997","author":"Li","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0040"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp187","article-title":"DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data","volume":"25","author":"Librado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"7300","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09121","article-title":"Helical assembly in the MyD88\u2013IRAK4\u2013IRAK2 complex in TLR\/IL-1R signalling","volume":"465","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0043","first-page":"199","article-title":"Chapter seven\u2014exploiting innate immunity for biological pest control,","volume-title":"Advances in insect physiology","author":"Liu","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vev003","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vev003","article-title":"RDP4: detection and analysis of recombination patterns in virus genomes","volume":"1","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.1951.tb00752.x","article-title":"The Culex Pipiens Complex","volume":"102","author":"Mattingly","year":"1951","journal-title":"Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2020.01.003","article-title":"MyD88 death-domain oligomerization determines myddosome architecture: implications for toll-like receptor signaling","volume":"28","author":"Moncrieffe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Structure"},{"issue":"37","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25404","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m109.022392","article-title":"An oligomeric signaling platform formed by the toll-like receptor signal transducers myd88 and IRAK-4*","volume":"284","author":"Motshwene","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0009","article-title":"Potential vectors of rift valley fever virus in the mediterranean region","volume":"8","author":"Moutailler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)"},{"issue":"5343","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5343.1612","article-title":"IRAK (Pelle) family member IRAK-2 and MyD88 as Proximal Mediators of IL-1 Signaling","volume":"278","author":"Muzio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7312\/nei-92038","volume-title":"Molecular evolutionary genetics","author":"Nei","year":"1987"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/148.3.929","article-title":"Likelihood models for detecting positively selected amino acid sites and applications to the HIV-1 Envelope Gene","volume":"148","author":"Nielsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008870","article-title":"Alteration in the Culex pipiens transcriptome reveals diverse mechanisms of the mosquito immune system implicated upon Rift Valley fever phlebovirus exposure","volume":"14","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2712","article-title":"Mammalian recombination hot spots: properties, control and evolution","volume":"11","author":"Paigen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"evab005","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evab005","article-title":"A draft genome assembly of Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae) using PacBio sequencing","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2017.05.007","article-title":"Comparative and evolutionary analysis of an adapter molecule MyD88 in invertebrate metazoans","volume":"76","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.03.010158.001311","article-title":"Hybridization and speciation in mosquitoes","volume":"3","author":"Rozeboom","year":"1958","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.10.003","article-title":"Of genes and genomes: mosquito evolution and diversity","volume":"35","author":"Ruzzante","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120710-100651","article-title":"Mosquito genomics: progress and challenges","volume":"57","author":"Severson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0214-7","article-title":"Vector biology meets disease control: using basic research to fight vector-borne diseases","volume":"4","author":"Shaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16499","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m500711200","article-title":"REL1, a Homologue of drosophila dorsal, regulates toll antifungal immune pathway in the female Mosquito Aedes aegypti*","volume":"280","author":"Shin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a119363","article-title":"Biometrical studies on intergradation in the genitalia of certain populations of culex pipiens and culex quinquefasciatus in the United States","volume":"50","author":"Sundararaman","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004233","article-title":"Pervasive adaptive evolution in mammalian fertilization proteins","volume":"20","author":"Swanson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121","article-title":"MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods","volume":"28","author":"Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol"},{"issue":"27","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7055","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617722114","article-title":"Toll-like receptor pathway evolution in deuterostomes","volume":"114","author":"Tassia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"issue":"24","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.24.4876","article-title":"The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools","volume":"25","author":"Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"D1","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D439","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1061","article-title":"AlphaFold Protein Structure Database: massively expanding the structural coverage of protein-sequence space with high-accuracy models","volume":"50","author":"Varadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"volume-title":"Culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes: taxonomy, distribution, ecology, physiology, genetics, applied importance and control","year":"2000","author":"Vinogradova","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0067"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1996.tb02339.x","article-title":"Perspective: complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability","volume":"50","author":"Wagner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Evolution Int. J. Org Evolution"},{"volume-title":"Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823","year":"2024","author":"Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (2024)","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0069"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/s1074-7613(00)80402-1","article-title":"MyD88: an adapter that recruits IRAK to the IL-1 Receptor Complex","volume":"7","author":"Wesche","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"volume-title":"West Nile virus","year":"2017","author":"WHO","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0071"},{"volume-title":"Japanese encephalitis","year":"2019","author":"WHO","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0072"},{"key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135977","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1135977","article-title":"Perspectives of vector management in the control and elimination of vector-borne zoonoses","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00178256","article-title":"Estimating the pattern of nucleotide substitution","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm088","article-title":"PAML 4: phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-5347(00)01994-7","article-title":"Statistical methods for detecting molecular adaptation","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi097","article-title":"Bayes empirical bayes inference of amino acid sites Under Positive Selection","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025743","article-title":"Small-sample tests of episodic adaptive evolution: a case study of primate lysozymes","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7917.1995.tb00016.x","article-title":"Biosystematics of Culex pipiens complex in China","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Insect Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025011604212122100_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5619","DOI":"10.3390\/v7102886","article-title":"Exposure to West Nile virus increases bacterial diversity and immune gene expression in Culex pipiens","volume":"7","author":"Zink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/62\/1\/29\/59965651\/tjae128.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/62\/1\/29\/59965651\/tjae128.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T04:21:41Z","timestamp":1737001301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article\/62\/1\/29\/7831319"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pia","family":"Olafson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjae128","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-2585"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1938-2928"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]}}}