{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T22:40:18Z","timestamp":1759963218747,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The incidence of human tick-borne diseases is rising globally. Birds are ecologically significant hosts, capable of local or widespread dispersal for ticks and their associated pathogens, including agents of babesiosis. Despite its emerging importance, surveillance for zoonotic Babesia spp. ((Starcovici, 1893) Piroplasmida: Babesiidae) remains lacking, particularly in avian hosts. This study investigates the prevalence of Babesia spp. in a population of Carolina Wrens ((Latham, 1790) Passeriformes: Troglodytidae Thryothorus ludovicianus) in Missouri, USA. Due to their ground-foraging behavior and documented high tick burdens, we hypothesized that Carolina Wrens would have Babesia spp. infections. Birds were captured using mist nets, examined for ticks, and phlebotomized for blood samples. We prepared blood smears which were analyzed via microscopy for the presence of Babesia spp. parasites. During June and July 2018, we captured 70 birds from 14 species and collected 156 ticks, of which 152 were Ixodes scapularis ((Say, 1821) Acari: Ixodidae). Carolina Wrens accounted for the highest tick burdens (130 ticks total) with juvenile birds having significantly higher nymphal tick burdens than adults. Despite examining the blood smears of 23 Carolina Wrens and 5 Louisiana Waterthrushes (Parkesia motacilla) for Babesia spp., we found no evidence of infection. Our findings emphasize the notably high tick burdens in Carolina Wrens while underscoring the need for broader and more sensitive surveillance for Babesia spp. in bird populations. Understanding the role of avian hosts in the ecology of tick-borne pathogens is key for anticipating and mitigating public health risks associated with tick-borne disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaf076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T13:53:52Z","timestamp":1750773232000},"page":"1353-1357","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High burdens of <i>Ixodes scapularis<\/i> ticks and surveillance for <i>Babesia<\/i> spp. in Carolina Wrens (<i>Thryothorus ludovicianus<\/i>) in Missouri, USA"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6143-7669","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Derek","family":"McFarland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"College of Arts and Sciences, Harris-Stowe State University , St. Louis, MO ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Tyson Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis , Eureka, MO ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyson Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis , Eureka, MO ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2164-1141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bessie H","family":"Blocher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2215-6837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William L","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6933-8048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Let\u00edcia","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4945-7266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solny A","family":"Adalsteinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyson Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis , Eureka, MO ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10034","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.21.10034","article-title":"Phylogeny of hard- and soft-tick taxa (Acari: Ixodida) based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences","volume":"91","author":"Black","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1890\/090062","article-title":"Do birds affect Lyme disease risk? Range expansion of the vector-borne pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"9","author":"Brinkerhoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers Ecol. Environ"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547096","DOI":"10.1080\/20008686.2018.1547096","article-title":"Life history characteristics of birds influence patterns of tick parasitism","volume":"9","author":"Brinkerhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.08.007","article-title":"Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from migratory birds in Latvia","volume":"5","author":"Capligina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"volume-title":"Surveillance for babesiosis \u2014 United States, 2020 Annual Summary","year":"2022","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0005"},{"year":"2023","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0006"},{"year":"2024","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0007"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009020","article-title":"Babesia and its hosts: adaptation to long-lasting interactions as a way to achieve efficient transmission","volume":"40","author":"Chauvin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Res"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4182\/BHJB6050.2-1.3","article-title":"The larval ixodid ticks of the eastern United States (Acarina-Ixodidae)","volume":"2","author":"Clifford","year":"1961","journal-title":"Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0126822","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01268-22","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted Babesia spp.: a changing landscape of epidemiology, regulation, and risk mitigation. Humphries RM, editor","volume":"61","author":"Drews","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4182\/MAMR9602","volume-title":"Nymphs of the genus Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) of the United States: taxonomy, identification key, distribution, hosts, and medical\/veterinary importance","author":"Durden","year":"1996"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2023.102233","article-title":"Changes in the geographic distribution of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Eisen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-012-0744-z","article-title":"The ecology of fear: host foraging behavior varies with the spatio-temporal abundance of a dominant ectoparasite","volume":"9","author":"Fritzsche","year":"2012","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-53-41","article-title":"Transport of Babesia venatorum-infected Ixodes ricinus to Norway by northward migrating passerine birds","volume":"53","author":"Hasle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1812.111392","article-title":"Reservoir competence of wildlife host species for Babesia microti","volume":"18","author":"Hersh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2009.12.003","article-title":"The potential role of migratory birds in transmission cycles of Babesia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Rickettsia spp","volume":"1","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-128","article-title":"Birds as potential reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens: first evidence of bacteraemia with Rickettsia helvetica","volume":"7","author":"Hornok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.10.013","article-title":"High burdens of Ixodes scapularis larval ticks on white-tailed deer may limit Lyme disease risk in a low biodiversity setting","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks & Tick-borne Diseases"},{"volume-title":"Babesiosis","year":"2024","author":"Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH)","key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0019"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182004005967","article-title":"The global importance of ticks","volume":"129","author":"Jongejan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07359-6","article-title":"Infection rates, species diversity, and distribution of zoonotic Babesia parasites in ticks: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Karshima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/15.suppl2.1","article-title":"The genus Ixodes in the United States: a scanning electron microscope study and key to the adults","volume":"15","author":"Keirans","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.4.489","article-title":"Illustrated key to nymphs of the tick genus Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) found in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Keirans","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.1955","article-title":"Guidelines for the detection of Babesia and Theileria parasites","volume":"17","author":"Lempereur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.143318","volume-title":"Use of \u201clysis buffer\u201d in DNA isolation and its implication for museum collections","author":"Longmire","year":"1997"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-016-3731-1","article-title":"A quantitative synthesis of the role of birds in carrying ticks and tick-borne pathogens in North America","volume":"182","author":"Loss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06385-4","article-title":"Human Babesia odocoilei and Bartonella spp. co-infections in the Americas","volume":"17","author":"Maggi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.010","article-title":"Epidemiology of Lyme disease","volume":"29","author":"Mead","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa608","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa608","article-title":"Babesiosis occurrence among United States medicare beneficiaries, ages 65 and older, during 2006\u20132017: Overall and by state and county of residence","volume":"8","author":"Menis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.als.2015.01.005","article-title":"The potential role of migratory birds in the spread of tick-borne infections in Siberia and the Russian Far East","volume":"8","author":"Moskvitina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Achiev. Life Sci"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01982-07","article-title":"Role of migratory birds in introduction and range expansion of Ixodes scapularis ticks and of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Canada","volume":"74","author":"Ogden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107387","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107387","article-title":"Life history and demographic drivers of reservoir competence for three tick-borne zoonotic pathogens","volume":"9","author":"Ostfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/002229300299507","article-title":"A taxonomic review of avian piroplasms of the genus Babesia Starcovici, 1893 (Apicomplexa: Piroplasmorida: Babesiidae)","volume":"34","author":"Peirce","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nat. Hist"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2024.102390","article-title":"Contributions of birds to the feeding of ticks at host community level: Effects of tick burden, host density and yearly fluctuations","volume":"15","author":"Rataud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-021-01160-0","article-title":"Tick infestation of birds across a gradient of urbanization intensity in the United States Great Plains","volume":"25","author":"Roselli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6717e1","article-title":"Vital Signs: Trends in reported vectorborne disease cases \u2014 United States and Territories, 2004\u20132016","volume":"67","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101265","article-title":"Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia odocoilei, Babesia sp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Hepatozoon canis in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in eastern Canada","volume":"10","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7040155","article-title":"Detection and transstadial passage of Babesia species and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from avian and mammalian hosts in Canada","volume":"7","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7010046","article-title":"Presence of Babesia odocoilei and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in a tick and dual parasitism of Amblyomma inornatum and Ixodes scapularis on a bird in Canada","volume":"7","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100781","article-title":"Detection of Babesia odocoilei in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected from songbirds in Ontario and Quebec, Canada","volume":"9","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.37871\/jbres1619","article-title":"Molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia odocoilei, Babesia species and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in songbirds","volume":"3","author":"Scott","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biomed Res Environ Sci"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001384","article-title":"Co-infections of haemosporidian and trypanosome parasites in a North American songbird","volume":"143","author":"Soares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/32.4.453","article-title":"Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting wild birds (Aves) and white-footed mice in Lyme, CT","volume":"32","author":"Stafford","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2006)043[0437:doapab]2.0.co;2","article-title":"Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia odocoilei DNA in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) collected in Indiana","volume":"43","author":"Steiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1458","article-title":"Detection of microbial agents in ticks collected from migratory birds in central Italy","volume":"14","author":"Toma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.05.012","article-title":"An individual-based model for the dispersal of Ixodes scapularis by ovenbirds and wood thrushes during fall migration","volume":"10","author":"Tonelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab047","article-title":"The contribution of wildlife hosts to the rise of ticks and tick-borne diseases in North America. Reisen W, editor","volume":"58","author":"Tsao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203643792","volume-title":"Avian Malaria Parasites and other Haemosporidia","author":"Valkiunas","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-25.2.194","article-title":"Serological prevalence and isolation of Babesia odocoilei among white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in Texas and Oklahoma","volume":"25","author":"Waldrup","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04493-5","article-title":"Migratory birds as disseminators of ticks and the tick-borne pathogens Borrelia bacteria and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus: a seasonal study at Ottenby Bird Observatory in South-eastern Sweden","volume":"13","author":"Wilhelmsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007831","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007831","article-title":"The importance of vector control for the control and elimination of vector-borne diseases. Barrera R, editor","volume":"14","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl.Trop. Dis"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2012.11.003","article-title":"Natural history of zoonotic Babesia: Role of wildlife reservoirs","volume":"2","author":"Yabsley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2017.08.006","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Babesia peircei and Babesia ugwidiensis provides insight into the evolution and host specificity of avian piroplasmids","volume":"6","author":"Yabsley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"2025100818170228300_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0226781","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226781","article-title":"Zoonotic Babesia: a scoping review of the global evidence. Brissette CA, editor","volume":"14","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/62\/5\/1353\/63570950\/tjaf076.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/62\/5\/1353\/63570950\/tjaf076.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T22:17:21Z","timestamp":1759961841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article\/62\/5\/1353\/8172975"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Karen","family":"Poh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjaf076","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-2585"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1938-2928"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]}}}