{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:09:00Z","timestamp":1792022940929,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-050873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-050873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health and Care Research","award":["NIHR134717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR134717"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Malaria continues to be a major public health issue in Ghana, contributing significantly to hospital outpatient visits. Vector control remains central to malaria prevention; however, the growing resistance of malaria vectors to insecticides presents a major obstacle to control and elimination efforts. This review examined the evolution of insecticide resistance in Ghana from 2001 to 2024, summarising resistance mechanisms across the country\u2019s bioclimatic zones to inform evidence-based vector control strategies aligned with Ghana\u2019s malaria elimination goals. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases to identify studies on insecticide resistance in major malaria vectors. A total of 41 articles were retrieved, and data were analysed using Microsoft Excel 365 and GraphPad Prism v.9.1.2. Pyrethroids were the most frequently studied insecticides, particularly in the Coastal (48%, n\u2009=\u200917), Forest (37.1%, n\u2009=\u200913), and Sahel (14.3%, n\u2009=\u20095) zones. An increasing trend of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. was observed across all transmission zones, with the vgsc-L995F mutation being the most reported resistance mechanism. Temporal analysis revealed significant differences in resistance levels over time across all zones. Resistance to dual-active ingredients (piperonyl butoxide + pyrethroid) was also detected nationwide. Notably, there are limited studies on An. funestus susceptibility and metabolic resistance driven by copy number polymorphisms or vgsc variants. Given these gaps, the application of genomic surveillance and whole genome sequencing is essential for identifying locally relevant resistance mechanisms to guide future vector control interventions in support of Ghana\u2019s malaria elimination efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaf133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T06:09:11Z","timestamp":1759990151000},"page":"1386-1395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Trends in insecticide resistance in\n                    <i>Anopheles<\/i>\n                    mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ghana: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0403-709X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaiah","family":"Debrah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana , Accra,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kassim A","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana , Accra,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2598-3368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel K M","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana , Accra,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evans K E","family":"Dormenyoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana , Accra,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bismark","family":"Minnah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana , Accra,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Aboagye-Antwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana , Accra,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaw","family":"Aniweh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana , Accra,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Awandare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana , Accra,","place":["Ghana"]},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana , Accra,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas N","family":"Amenga-Etego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana , Accra,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025111404520301700_tjaf133-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05879-1","article-title":"Assessing the efficacy of two dual-active ingredients long-lasting insecticidal nets for the control of malaria transmitted by pyrethroid-resistant vectors in Benin: study protocol for a three-arm, single-blinded, parallel, cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Accrombessi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. 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Vectors"},{"key":"2025111404520301700_tjaf133-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06120-9","article-title":"Population structure and diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in children with asymptomatic malaria living in different ecological zones of Ghana","volume":"21","author":"Amoah","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2025111404520301700_tjaf133-B5","first-page":"339","article-title":"Microplate assay analysis of the distribution of organophosphate and carbamate resistance in Guatemalan Anopheles albimanus","volume":"66","author":"Brogdon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull. 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