{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:48:17Z","timestamp":1785250097319,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI125622A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI125622A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Chicago metropolitan area is a hotspot for human West Nile virus (WNV) cases. Despite extensive surveillance and research, predicting WNV cases in Chicago on a local scale is a major challenge. Most studies and mosquito surveillance efforts do not differentiate between the cryptic species Culex pipiens Linnaeus and Culex restuans (Theobald), key vectors of WNV, due to the challenge of distinguishing them morphologically. This obscures each species\u2019 respective role in transmission and may blunt the accuracy of local case forecasting. We used species-specific PCR diagnosis to identify Chicago mosquitoes across 21 sites in July and August of 2021 and 2022. We found that the percentage of collected Cx. restuans declined between July and August, with Culex pipiens often being the sole species recorded from sites in August. We found that the relative proportions of our target species varied by site, sometimes dramatically, across years. Following species identification, we pooled our specimens and determined infection prevalence using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). We found that both species were infected with WNV and observed no significant difference in their infection rates between months. We also assessed the accuracy of a human case prediction model, and we found no evidence to support the molecular separation of these species in routine Chicago WNV surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaf190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T05:31:44Z","timestamp":1770010304000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular surveillance supports differing roles for\n                    <i>Culex pipiens<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Culex restuans<\/i>\n                    (Diptera: Culicidae) in West Nile virus transmission in Chicago, Illinois"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4377-9671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Burgunder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Maryland College Park , College Park, MD,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnny","family":"Uelmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison , Madison, WI,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8343-794X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca Lee","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Mosquito Abatement District , Wheeling, IL,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3117-2457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Irwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Mosquito Abatement District , Wheeling, IL,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0472-4877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan L","family":"Fritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Maryland College Park , College Park, MD,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031200522919400_tjaf190-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-1169-9","article-title":"Ecological correlates of risk and incidence of West Nile virus in the United States","volume":"158","author":"Allan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2026031200522919400_tjaf190-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-28.4s.137","article-title":"The contribution of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes to transmission and persistence of West Nile virus in North America","volume":"28","author":"Andreadis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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