{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T16:50:17Z","timestamp":1773334217808,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3094-10400-003-000-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3094-10400-003-000-D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Integrated Pest Management of Cattle Fever Ticks"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The cattle fever ticks Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) and Rhipicephalus annulatus (Say, 1821) transmit pathogens responsible for bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis. Although eradicated from the United States, these ticks and the pathogens they transmit are endemic in Mexico and other countries, and pose a serious risk to the U.S. cattle industry. Cattle imported into the U.S. are inspected and treated with an acaricide, coumaphos, to prevent tick reentry into the U.S. Coumaphos is an organophosphate (OP) that kills ticks by inactivating acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme vital to the tick central nervous system. Previous research has extensively studied the AChEs of R. microplus, however, there has been much less study in R. annulatus. The present work reports the cloning, sequencing and baculoviral expression of recombinant AChE1s of R. annulatus, including the discovery of three different RannAChE1 isoforms that are produced by alternative splicing of a single locus. Similar AChE kinetic activities were observed for the three isoforms, and these were comparable to AChE1 of R. microplus. Further, incorporation of a G170S substitution, homologous to the G119S mutation in mosquitoes that affords resistance to OP inhibition, resulted in reduced sensitivity of RannAChE1-1 to inhibition by oxon forms of OPs. This underscores the complexity of AChEs in cattle fever ticks and provides further evidence of the key role of cholinergic systems in tick physiology and development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjag025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T07:29:17Z","timestamp":1772004557000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acetylcholinesterase 1 of\n                    <i>Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus<\/i>\n                    (Say) [Acari: Ixodidae]"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0180-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin B","family":"Temeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Knipling-Bushland United States Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Livestock Arthropod Pests Research Unit, USDA-ARS , Kerrville, TX,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristie G","family":"Schlechte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knipling-Bushland United States Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Livestock Arthropod Pests Research Unit, USDA-ARS , Kerrville, TX,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1171-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perot","family":"Saelao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knipling-Bushland United States Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Veterinary Pest Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS , Kerrville, TX,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0433-6172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pia U","family":"Olafson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knipling-Bushland United States Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Livestock Arthropod Pests Research Unit, USDA-ARS , Kerrville, TX,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1021-9968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason P","family":"Tidwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS , Edinburg, TX,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.03.006","article-title":"Acaricide resistance in cattle ticks and approaches to its management: the state of play","volume":"203","author":"Abbas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-1748(98)00034-4","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase cDNA of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus: characterisation and role in organophosphate resistance","volume":"28","author":"Baxter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2008.04.037","article-title":"Towards a species-selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor to control the mosquito vector of malaria, Anopheles gambiae","volume":"175","author":"Carlier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170206130024","article-title":"Discovery of species-selective and resistance-breaking anticholinesterase insecticides for the malaria mosquito","volume":"24","author":"Carlier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2017.11.021","article-title":"Structure of the G119S mutant acetylcholinesterase of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae reveals basis of insecticide resistance","volume":"26","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.101967","article-title":"Prevalence of bovine Babesia spp., Anaplasma marginale, and their co-infections in Latin America: systematic review-meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne Dis"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/13.6.629","article-title":"Eradication programs for the arthropod parasites of livestock","volume":"13","author":"Graham","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.023","article-title":"Large-scale comparative analyses of tick genomes elucidate their genetic diversity and vector capacities","volume":"182","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-021-00624-4","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase target sites for developing environmentally friendly insecticides against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.05.005","article-title":"Interacting with alpha 7 nAChR is a new mechanism for AChE to enhance the inflammatory response in macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5785","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16524","article-title":"Sequence analysis, homology modeling, tissue expression, and potential functions of seven putative acetylcholinesterases in the spider Cupiennius salei","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10209","article-title":"Distribution of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations detected in the United States along the Texas\/Mexico border","volume":"48","author":"Lohmeyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002221","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612021024","article-title":"Effects of essential oils on native and recombinant acetylcholinesterases of Rhipicephalus microplus","volume":"30","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101708","article-title":"Stray Mexico origin cattle captured crossing into Southern Texas carry Babesia bovis and other tick-borne pathogens","volume":"12","author":"Scoles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne Dis"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2025.104385","article-title":"Solvent-, enzyme-, and structural-dependence of phenyl-substituted methyl carbamate inhibition of acetylcholinesterase","volume":"184","author":"Swale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2013.03.005","article-title":"Inhibitor profile of bis(n)-tacrines and N-methylcarbamates on acetylcholinesterase from Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Phlebotomus papatasi","volume":"106","author":"Swale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.016","article-title":"Baculovirus expression, biochemical characterization and organophosphate sensitivity of rBmAChE1, rBmAChE2, and rBmAChE3 of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus","volume":"172","author":"Temeyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.11646\/zoosymposia.6.1.35","article-title":"Genetic factors potentially reducing fitness cost of organophosphate-insensitive acetylcholinesterase(s) in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"6","author":"Temeyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zoosymposia"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2012.09.010","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterases of blood-feeding flies and ticks","volume":"203","author":"Temeyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0577-4","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase of the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli): construction, expression and biochemical properties of the G119S orthologous mutant","volume":"7","author":"Temeyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv252","article-title":"Tick salivary cholinesterase: a probable immunomodulator of host-parasite interactions","volume":"53","author":"Temeyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.2741\/4646","article-title":"Molecular biology of tick acetylcholinesterases","volume":"23","author":"Temeyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz062","article-title":"Baculoviral expression of presumptive OP-resistance mutations in BmAChe1 of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and biochemical resistance to OP inhibition","volume":"56","author":"Temeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa096","article-title":"Association of salivary cholinesterase with arthropod vectors of disease","volume":"57","author":"Temeyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7681","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097681","article-title":"Identification, baculoviral expression, and biochemical characterization of a novel cholinesterase of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"24","author":"Temeyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/saz053","article-title":"Tracking the increase of acaricide resistance in an invasive population of cattle fever ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and implementation of real-time PCR assays to rapidly genotype resistance mutations","volume":"113","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Ent. Soc. Am"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B27","author":"USDA-Agricultural Research Service, USA","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2122","article-title":"A novel acetylcholinesterase gene in mosquitoes codes for the insecticide target and is non-homologous to the ace gene in Drosophila","volume":"269","author":"Weill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2004.00452.x","article-title":"The unique mutation in ace-1 giving high insecticide resistance is easily detectable in mosquito vectors","volume":"13","author":"Weill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol"},{"key":"2026031200575048600_tjag025-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.6.890","article-title":"Cloning and sequencing of putative acetylcholinesterase cDNAs from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/63\/1\/tjag025\/67104314\/tjag025.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/63\/1\/tjag025\/67104314\/tjag025.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:58:02Z","timestamp":1773291482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jme\/tjag025\/8496959"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Julian","family":"Hillyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjag025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2585","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"article-number":"tjag025"}}