{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T04:01:51Z","timestamp":1784433711542,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007288","name":"Mahasarakham University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6801019\/2568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6801019\/2568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Filarial parasites cause diseases in humans and other animals and are transmitted primarily by hematophagous Diptera, including black flies (Simuliidae). However, knowledge of the vectorial role of black flies in transmitting filarial parasites in tropical Asia is limited. We used molecular approaches to detect filarial parasites in two common black flies, Simulium asakoae and S. khelangense, in Laos. Among 483 black flies, 15 were infected with filarial parasites. Based on sequence similarity analyses of the COI and 12S rDNA genes, the parasites were closely related to two filarial taxa: one previously reported from the same black fly species in Thailand and another recorded from domestic chickens. Phylogenetic analyses further revealed that the filarial parasites detected in S. asakoae and S. khelangense are closely related to genera of avian filarial parasites. The results are consistent with the biting habits of these species of black flies, which feed predominantly on chickens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjag043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T17:24:08Z","timestamp":1774200248000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular detection of filarial parasites in black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Laos"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Wannachai","family":"Wannasingha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Biodiversity Research, Mahasarakham University , Mahasarakham,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waraporn","family":"Jumpato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University , Mahasarakham,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1628-5920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhuvadol","family":"Gomontean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University , Mahasarakham,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronnalit","family":"Mintara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University , Mahasarakham,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"San","family":"Namtaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Health Technology, Kalasin University , Namon, Kalasin Province,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isara","family":"Thanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University , Mahasarakham,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Komgrit","family":"Wongpakam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University , Mahasarakham,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chavanut","family":"Jaroenchaiwattanachote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University , Mahasarakham,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khamla","family":"Inkhavilay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Biodiversity, National University of Laos , Vientiane, Laos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6772-8280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter H","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, SC,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4685-9000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pairot","family":"Pramual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Biodiversity Research, Mahasarakham University , Mahasarakham,","place":["Thailand"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University , Mahasarakham,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B1","author":"Adler","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814043-7.00014-5","volume-title":"Medical and veterinary entomology","author":"Adler","year":"2019","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tjaf174","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaf174","article-title":"Laos, a new frontier for investigating black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)","volume":"63","author":"Adler","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060512","article-title":"Seasonal filarial infections and their black fly vectors in Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand","volume":"9","author":"Aupalee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/9780813804620.ch26","volume-title":"Parasitic diseases of wild birds","author":"Bartlett","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000007149","article-title":"A phylogenetic analysis of filarial nematodes: comparison with the phylogeny of Wolbachia endosymbionts","volume":"122","author":"Casiraghi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B7","first-page":"294","article-title":"Conserved primers for PCR amplification of mitochondrial DNA from different invertebrate phyla","volume":"3","author":"Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh1973.31.99","article-title":"Natural infections with filarial larvae in two species of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in northern Thailand","volume":"31","author":"Fukuda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jap. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjae157","article-title":"Black fly diversity and molecular detection of blood parasites in Simulium khelangense (Diptera, Simuliidae) from Laos","volume":"62","author":"Gomontean","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15010074","article-title":"Diversity, distribution and host blood meal analysis of adult black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand","volume":"15","author":"Gomontean","year":"2024","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55284-2","article-title":"A filarial parasite potentially associated with the health burden on domestic chickens in Japan","volume":"14","author":"Hayashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008152121","article-title":"Seasonal and diurnal biting activities and zoonotic filarial infections of two Simulium species (Diptera: Simuliidae) in northern Thailand","volume":"15","author":"Ishii","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.11.024","article-title":"Molecular detection of Leucocytozoon (Apicomplexa: Haemosporida) in black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand","volume":"190","author":"Jumpato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06567-0","article-title":"Diversity and prevalence of Leucocytozoon in black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Thailand","volume":"17","author":"Jumpato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors."},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa081","article-title":"DNA barcoding of Simulium asakoae (Diptera: Simuliidae) from northern Thailand","volume":"57","author":"Low","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12120","article-title":"A multi-locus approach resolves the phylogenetic relationships of the Simulium asakoae and Simulium ceylonicum species groups in Malaysia: evidence for distinct evolutionary lineages","volume":"29","author":"Low","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150600969864","article-title":"DNA barcoding and taxonomy in Diptera: a tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success","volume":"55","author":"Meier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Syst. Biol"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.06.007","article-title":"Molecular systematics of filarial parasites, with an emphasis on groups of medical and veterinary importance, and its relevance for epidemiology","volume":"9","author":"Morales-Hojas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2006331","article-title":"Molecular systematics of five Onchocerca species (Nematoda: Filarioidea) including the human parasite, O. volvulus, suggest sympatric speciation","volume":"80","author":"Morales-Hojas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Helminthol"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16101053","article-title":"Diversity, distribution, and host blood meals of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Laos","volume":"16","author":"Namtaku","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.11.2.366","article-title":"Zoonotic filariasis","volume":"11","author":"Orihel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-009-0005-4","article-title":"A review of the complexity of biology of lymphatic filarial parasites","volume":"33","author":"Paily","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2024.888-894","article-title":"Preliminary study on buffy coat smear and molecular detection of microfilaria in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) raised in Southern Thailand","volume":"17","author":"Pornpanom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8298.2011.00491.x","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis based on multiple gene sequences revealing cryptic biodiversity in Simulium multistriatum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand","volume":"15","author":"Pramual","year":"2012","journal-title":"Entomol. Sci"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3009.231692","article-title":"Morphologic and molecular identification of human ocular infection caused by Pelecitus nematodes, Thailand","volume":"30","author":"Rujkorakarn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105344","article-title":"Natural infections with larvae of Onchocerca species type I in the human-biting black fly, Simulium nigrogilvum (Diptera: Simuliidae), in western Thailand","volume":"204","author":"Saeung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.19","article-title":"Morphological and molecular characterization of microfilariae in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Northeastern Thailand","volume":"15","author":"Srikacha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Vet. J"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.1083.77428","article-title":"A new species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) from Thailand, with a key to identify females of 14 species of the Simulium varicorne species-group","volume":"1083","author":"Srisuka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zookeys."},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2003101p3","article-title":"Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) attracted to humans and water buffalos and natural infections with filarial larvae, probably Onchocerca sp., in northern Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Takaoka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2012.01023.x","article-title":"Blackfly vectors of zoonotic onchocerciasis in Japan","volume":"26","author":"Takaoka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4261.1.1","article-title":"The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Vietnam","volume":"4261","author":"Takaoka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.70.53","article-title":"Checklist and keys for the black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Thailand","volume":"70","author":"Takaoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Entomol. Zool"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx134","article-title":"A new black fly species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Laos","volume":"54","author":"Takaoka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4388.1.8","article-title":"A new black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) species of the subgenus Asiosimulium Takaoka Choochote from Thailand","volume":"4388","author":"Tangkawanit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3390\/d16110653","article-title":"Genetic characterization and breeding habitats of black fly (Diptera, Simuliidae) vector species in Laos","volume":"16","author":"Thanee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diversity (Basel)"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.05.006","article-title":"Zoonotic filariasis caused by Onchocerca dewittei japonica in a resident of Hiroshima Prefecture, Honshu, Japan","volume":"59","author":"Uni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int"},{"key":"2026042405064364400_tjag043-B41","author":"WHO","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/63\/2\/tjag043\/68146273\/tjag043.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/63\/2\/tjag043\/68146273\/tjag043.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T09:06:49Z","timestamp":1777021609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jme\/tjag043\/8537135"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David","family":"Severson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjag043","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2585","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"article-number":"tjag043"}}