{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T18:46:21Z","timestamp":1782758781427,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Borrelia miyamotoi Fukunaga (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae), the etiological agent of hard tick relapsing fever, has been detected at low prevalence in Ixodes spp. (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks from the Northern Hemisphere. Genetically distinct populations of B. miyamotoi have been described across continents and among Ixodes tick species distributed within continents. Within the eastern United States, a previous study identified two B. miyamotoi genotypes infecting Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae). Here, we expand upon that work by developing a new multiplex PCR amplicon sequencing assay to differentiate B. miyamotoi genotypes (Am-East-1 and Am-East-2), and we use the new assay to differentiate genotypes in an expanded sample of 186 B. miyamotoi ticks collected from 17 eastern states. All 80 infections derived from the Northeast (Delaware, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont) or northern states in the Southeast region (North Carolina and Virginia) were identified as Am-East-1. Among the 106 B. miyamotoi infections identified in I. scapularis from the Ohio Valley (Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia), Upper Midwest (Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin), or Northern Rocky Mountains and Plains (Nebraska) regions, 10 (9.4%) were characterized as Am-East-1 and 96 (90.6%) were characterized as Am-East-2. We also identified a new B. miyamotoi genotype (Am-IxKi1) in a single I. keiransi Beati, Nava, Venzal, &amp; Guglielmone (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from Virginia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjag104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T18:16:34Z","timestamp":1782756994000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Geographic variation in the distribution of hard tick relapsing fever spirochete (\n                    <i>Borrelia miyamotoi)<\/i>\n                    (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) genotypes in host-seeking\n                    <i>Ixodes scapularis<\/i>\n                    (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs and adults in the eastern United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Lynn M","family":"Osikowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, CO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3652-2359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrias","family":"Hojgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, CO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1590-8742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mason","family":"Yonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment , Denver, CO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9526-1155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shelby L","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, CO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7094-2747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, CO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E","family":"Maes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, CO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5942-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca J","family":"Eisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, CO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062914162625200_tjag104-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040553","article-title":"Human Borrelia miyamotoi Infection in North America","volume":"12","author":"Burde","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026062914162625200_tjag104-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020267","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi: a comprehensive review","volume":"12","author":"Cleveland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026062914162625200_tjag104-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.152046","article-title":"Unique Strain of Borrelia miyamotoi in Ixodes pacificus Ticks, California, USA","volume":"22","author":"Cook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026062914162625200_tjag104-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2010.131583","article-title":"Prevalence of Borrelia miyamotoi in Ixodes ticks in Europe and the United States","volume":"20","author":"Crowder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2026062914162625200_tjag104-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3820","article-title":"Nextflow enables reproducible computational workflows","volume":"35","author":"Di Tommaso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026062914162625200_tjag104-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102025","article-title":"Tick species infesting humans in the United States","volume":"13","author":"Eisen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2026062914162625200_tjag104-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2023.102250","article-title":"Prevalence of five human pathogens in host-seeking Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus by region, state, and county in the contiguous United States generated through national tick surveillance","volume":"14","author":"Foster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2026062914162625200_tjag104-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101504","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel multiplex PCR amplicon sequencing assay for detection of human pathogens in Ixodes ticks","volume":"11","author":"Hojgaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2026062914162625200_tjag104-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab075","article-title":"Detection of genetic variability in Borrelia miyamotoi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) between and within the eastern and western United States","volume":"58","author":"Hojgaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026062914162625200_tjag104-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110616","article-title":"Combining short- and long-read sequencing unveils geographically structured diversity in Borrelia miyamotoi","volume":"27","author":"Hoornstra","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026062914162625200_tjag104-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaf029","article-title":"Ticks of Delaware revisited: an updated checklist of hard ticks (Ixodidae) and first records of soft ticks (Argasidae) in the first state","volume":"62","author":"Kennedy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. 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