{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T15:32:40Z","timestamp":1793201560855,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors threatens control efforts. Anopheles funestus Giles s.l. increasingly contributes to malaria transmission in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire especially in central and western regions, yet resistance data remain poorly known. This study assessed the susceptibility of An. funestus s.s. from Toumbokro to major insecticides and identified underlying metabolic resistance mechanisms. Blood-fed An. funestus s.l. females were collected indoors with an electric aspirator and induced to oviposit. F1 progeny from PCR-confirmed An. funestus s.s. were exposed to permethrin (0.75%), deltamethrin (0.05%), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%), and DDT (4%) in WHO tube assays. Synergist assays with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were used to evaluate enzyme-mediated resistance, and biochemical assays were used to measure activity of detoxification enzymes. Anopheles funestus s.s. showed resistance to all insecticides, with mortality rates of 78% (permethrin), 76% (deltamethrin), 44% (lambda-cyhalothrin), and 72% (DDT). Pre-exposure to PBO fully restored susceptibility to pyrethroids (100% mortality), implicating metabolic resistance, but only partially restored susceptibility to DDT (82%). Biochemical assays confirmed significantly greater cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity in An. funestus s.s. (0.00144\u2009nmol\/mg of protein) compared with the susceptible Kisumu strain (0.00085\u2009nmol\/mg of protein). An. funestus s.s. from Toumbokro in central C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire is resistant to pyrethroids and DDT, mainly via metabolic mechanisms. This resistance likely sustains its role in malaria transmission despite widespread pyrethroid-treated long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) use suggesting a need for PBO-based or dual-active ingredient LLINs in vector control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjag137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T10:49:47Z","timestamp":1788605387000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolic resistance of\n                    <i>Anopheles funestus<\/i>\n                    to pyrethroids and organochlorines in Toumbokro, rural C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Nadro Wago Ma\u00efmouna","family":"Kroko-Djahouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie et Sant\u00e9, UFR Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Laboratoire Trans-Risk, Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique , Bouak\u00e9, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7090-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konan Fabrice","family":"Assouho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Trans-Risk, Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique , Bouak\u00e9, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement Ressources Animales et Halieutiques, UFR Agriculture, Ressources Halieutiques et Agro-Industries, Universit\u00e9 de San Pedro , San Pedro, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dounin Danielle","family":"Zoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Trans-Risk, Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique , Bouak\u00e9, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences et Techniques, Universit\u00e9 Alassane Ouattara , Bouak\u00e9, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipomin Francois","family":"Traor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Trans-Risk, Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique , Bouak\u00e9, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences et Techniques, Universit\u00e9 Alassane Ouattara , Bouak\u00e9, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yapo Marie-Ange Edwige","family":"Kadjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie et Sant\u00e9, UFR Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Laboratoire Trans-Risk, Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique , Bouak\u00e9, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konan Rodolphe Mardoch\u00e9","family":"Azongnibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Trans-Risk, Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique , Bouak\u00e9, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Institut de G\u00e9ographie Tropicale, UFR Sciences de l\u2019Homme et de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Barembaye","family":"Sagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASTRE, CIRAD-INRAE, Univ Montpellier, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Vectorielles dans la Cara\u00efbe (CRVC) , Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akr\u00e9 Maurice","family":"Adja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie et Sant\u00e9, UFR Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Laboratoire Trans-Risk, Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique , Bouak\u00e9, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102810444036700_tjag137-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.355967","article-title":"High vectorial transmission of malaria in urban and rural settings in the northern, western and eastern regions of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"59","author":"Adja","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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