{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T15:32:35Z","timestamp":1793201555213,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chemical interventions targeting mosquito vectors may unintentionally affect non-target beneficial mosquitoes occupying similar ecological niches. This study evaluated the susceptibility of the beneficial mosquito Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (Dyar &amp; Knab) to commonly used mosquito control products at operational field rates and compared its responses with those of Aedes aegypti L. Two adulticides, permethrin-based Aqua-Kontrol 30-30 and bifenthrin-based Talstar P Professional, and 3 larvicides, Vectobac 12AS (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis [Bti]), Natular DT (spinosad), and Altosid Pellets WSP (methoprene), were evaluated. Permethrin ultra-low-volume space spray caused complete mortality in both adult Ae. aegypti and Tx. r. septentrionalis within 1\u2009h post-treatment. In contrast, the bifenthrin-based barrier treatment on foliage caused 100% mortality in Ae. aegypti up to 28 d after application, whereas Tx. r. septentrionalis adults survived despite exhibiting transient signs of pyrethroid-induced neurotoxicity. Larval susceptibility varied according to developmental stage and insecticide type. Bti caused rapid mortality in Ae. aegypti larvae, particularly, early instars of Tx. r. septentrionalis showed 50 to 92% mortality and late instars showed lower mortality (4 to 66%). Spinosad caused 84 to 100% mortality in both mosquito species within 72\u2009h post-exposure, except in early instars of Tx. r. septentrionalis at the lowest concentration (14% mortality). Methoprene inhibited adult emergence in Ae. aegypti at the highest concentration but produced minimal effects on Tx. r. septentrionalis. These findings demonstrate that mosquito control products differ substantially in their non-target impacts on beneficial mosquitoes and highlight the importance of incorporating ecological risk assessments into integrated vector management programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjag149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:31:53Z","timestamp":1789615913000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Do mosquito insecticides harm beneficial mosquitoes? Evidence from\n                    <i>Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis<\/i>\n                    (Diptera: Culicidae)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Yi-Ting","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chieh","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2093-0320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anastasia Mosquito Control District , St. Augustine, FL,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Blore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anastasia Mosquito Control District , St. Augustine, FL,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Joseph W","family":"Diclaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anastasia Mosquito Control District , St. Augustine, FL,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-De","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anastasia Mosquito Control District , St. Augustine, FL,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney A","family":"Qualls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anastasia Mosquito Control District , St. Augustine, FL,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kok-Boon","family":"Neoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab193","article-title":"Evaluation of pyriproxyfen effects on Aedes aegypti and predatory mosquito Toxorhynchites rutilus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"59","author":"Alomar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32473\/edis-IN1380-2022","article-title":"Toxorhynchites rutilus Coquillett, 1896 (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"2022","author":"Alomar","year":"2023","journal-title":"EDIS"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B3","first-page":"154","article-title":"Toxicity of insecticides to Toxorhynchites splendens and three vector mosquitos and their sublethal effect on biocontrol potential of the predator","volume":"27","author":"Amalraj","year":"1996","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1688","article-title":"Toxicity of delta-phenothrin and resmethrin to non-target insects","volume":"65","author":"Antwi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pest Manage. Sci"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2018.03.001","article-title":"Insect cuticle: a critical determinant of insecticide resistance","volume":"27","author":"Balabanidou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230437","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.230437","article-title":"Exploring the midgut physiology of the non-haematophagous mosquito Toxorhynchites theobaldi","volume":"14","author":"Barbosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Biol"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-023-01022-0","article-title":"Adult mosquito and butterfly exposure to permethrin and relative risk following ULV sprays from a truck-mounted sprayer","volume":"86","author":"Bargar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1943","article-title":"Compatibility of traditional and novel acaricides with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): a first laboratory assessment of toxicity and sublethal effects","volume":"66","author":"Besard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1590\/s0074-02762005000400016","article-title":"Evaluation of methoprene effect on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) development in laboratory conditions","volume":"100","author":"Braga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.30347333","volume-title":"Mosquitoes of the southeastern United States","author":"Burkett-Cadena","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.2987\/5654.1","article-title":"Effects of single and multiple applications of mosquito insecticides on nontarget arthropods","volume":"24","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99860-6","article-title":"Eco-friendly bioactives from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (L.) for targeted control of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus with reduced impact on Toxorhynchites splendens","volume":"15","author":"Dhivya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11110747","article-title":"Toxorhynchites species: a review of current knowledge","volume":"11","author":"Donald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2007)23[118:TABA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Toxorhynchites as biocontrol agents","volume":"23","author":"Focks","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Asso"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/9.1.37","article-title":"Predator-Prey interaction between insular populations of Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus and Aedes aegypti","volume":"9","author":"Focks","year":"1980","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11248-024-00394-w","article-title":"Mosquito pollination of plants: an overview of their role and an assessment of the possible contribution of disease vectors","volume":"33","author":"Foster","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transgenic Res"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.2987\/11-6133.1","article-title":"Effectiveness of spinosad and temephos for the control of mosquito larvae at a tire dump in Allende, Nuevo Leon, Mexico","volume":"27","author":"Garza-Robledo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B18","author":"Goettle","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/81.6.1592","article-title":"Effects of methoprene on Lycoriella Mali (Diptera: Sciaridae)","volume":"81","author":"Keil","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.2987\/08-5858.1","article-title":"Mortality of nontarget arthropods from an aerial application of pyrethrins","volume":"25","author":"Kwan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/20.6.620","article-title":"Larvicidal activity of Bacillus pathogens against Toxorhynchites mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"20","author":"Lacey","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/19.5.593","article-title":"The effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the presence and absence of prey","volume":"19","author":"Lacey","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B23","first-page":"121","article-title":"Study of the larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on Toxorhynchitinae larvae (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"75","author":"Larget","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiales"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.12.038","article-title":"Environmental safety review of methoprene and bacterially-derived pesticides commonly used for sustained mosquito control","volume":"139","author":"Lawler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1575","article-title":"Does synergized pyrethrin applied over wetlands for mosquito control affect Daphnia magna zooplankton or Callibaetis californicus mayflies?","volume":"64","author":"Lawler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B26","first-page":"5","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 against Aedes aegypti","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B27","first-page":"37","article-title":"Field evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 against Aedes mosquitoes","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaf074","article-title":"The effects of toxic sugar bait on a natural predator, Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15010084","article-title":"Are we adequately testing essential oils as insecticides in the laboratory? Bridging the gap between laboratory bioassays and field applications","volume":"15","author":"Lucia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2043","article-title":"Spinosad as an effective larvicide for control of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, vectors of dengue in southern Mexico","volume":"67","author":"Marina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.1987.tb01060.x","article-title":"The relative toxicity of a spore preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis against fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Toxorhynchites amboinensis: suspension feeding compared with enemas and forced feeding","volume":"44","author":"Misch","year":"1987","journal-title":"Entomologia Exp. Applicata"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2987\/09-5956.1","article-title":"Impact of bifenthrin on honeybees and Culex quinquefasciatus","volume":"26","author":"Qualls","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B33","author":"R Core Team","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0603","article-title":"Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) provides residual control of Aedes aegypti in small containers","volume":"82","author":"Ritchie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.32473\/jfmca.v68i1.129102","article-title":"Differential toxicity of pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides to the honey bee, Apis mellifera and the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti","volume":"68","author":"Sanchez-Arroyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. FL. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-010-0497-9","article-title":"Toxicity and risk of permethrin and naled to non-target insects after adult mosquito management","volume":"19","author":"Schleier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.26.010181.001111","article-title":"Biology of Toxorhynchites","volume":"26","author":"Steffan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178630219859004","DOI":"10.1177\/1178630219859004","article-title":"A review of studies evaluating insecticide barrier treatments for mosquito control from 1944 to 2018","volume":"13","author":"Stoops","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4179","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8820","article-title":"History and future perspectives of spinosad for mosquito control","volume":"81","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1002\/1526-4998(200008)56:8&lt;696::AID-PS182&gt;3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Spinosad\u2013a case study: an example from a natural products discovery programme","volume":"56","author":"Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pest Manage. Sci"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B41","first-page":"97","article-title":"Susceptibility of first instar Toxorhynchites splendens to malathion, naled and resmethrin","volume":"9","author":"Tietze","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B42","author":"United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03367-9","article-title":"Recent trends in global insecticide use for disease vector control and potential implications for resistance management","volume":"11","author":"van den Berg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/81.4.1022","article-title":"Residual life and toxicity to honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of selected pyrethroid formulations applied to cotton in Arizona","volume":"81","author":"Waller","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1080\/0958315031000140956","article-title":"Is the naturally derived insecticide Spinosad\u00ae compatible with insect natural enemies?","volume":"13","author":"Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2026102810432902100_tjag149-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32473\/edis-in792-2009","article-title":"Yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae): EENY-434\/IN792, 2\/2009","volume":"2009","author":"Zettel","year":"2009","journal-title":"EDIS"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/63\/5\/tjag149\/71139989\/tjag149.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/63\/5\/tjag149\/71139989\/tjag149.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:43:36Z","timestamp":1793198616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jme\/tjag149\/8804155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjag149","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2585","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"article-number":"tjag149"}}