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Rodents were exposed to diets lacking or containing insecticides for 24\u2009h at which point adult Ctenocephalides felis (Bouch\u00e9), Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild), or Oropsylla montana (Baker) were applied to rodents. Fleas were monitored for survival 1 d later and subsequent time points to evaluate residual efficacy, with relative comparisons of survival rates for individual fleas applied to nontreated and treated hosts. With brown rats, cythioate was ineffective in suppressing fleas after 1 d; nitenpyram and selamectin were ineffective after 7 to 8 d. Imidacloprid suppressed C. felis survival on rats by 94% at day 1 but efficacy declined to 11% by day 8. Fipronil applied orally to rats suppressed the survival of C. felis and X. cheopis by 52% to 95% and 45% to 96% at days 1 and 7 to 8, respectively, and suppressed O. montana survival on rock squirrels by 70% to 94% from days 1 through 40. Results of this formative laboratory investigation sparked intensive field research on, and refinement of, fipronil baits for flea control, plague mitigation, wildlife conservation, and One Health objectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjag153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:06:04Z","timestamp":1790813164000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of five systemic insecticide baits to control fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae and Ceratophyllidae) on rodents (Rodentia: Muridae and Sciuridae)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5672-9819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff N","family":"Borchert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, CO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M","family":"Poch\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genesis Laboratories, Inc , Wellington, CO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J","family":"Keefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Eads","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eads Ecological Services LLC , Longmont, CO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102810430619800_tjag153-B1","first-page":"301","article-title":"A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide","volume":"3","author":"Abbott","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. 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