{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T01:19:19Z","timestamp":1776734359298,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The etiological agents responsible for Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), human granulocytic anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), and babesiosis (Babesia microti) are primarily transmitted by the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularisSay. Despite Pennsylvania having in recent years reported the highest number of Lyme disease cases in the United States, relatively little is known regarding the geographic distribution of the vector and its pathogens in the state. Previous attempts at climate-based predictive modeling of I. scapularisoccurrence have not coincided with the high human incidence rates in parts of the state. To elucidate the distribution and pathogen infection rates of I. scapularis, we collected and tested 1,855 adult ticks statewide from 2012 to 2014. The presence of I. scapularisand B. burgdorferiwas confirmed from all 67 Pennsylvania counties. Analyses were performed on 1,363 ticks collected in the fall of 2013 to avoid temporal bias across years. Infection rates were highest for B. burgdorferi(47.4%), followed by Ba. microti(3.5%) and A. phagocytophilum(3.3%). Coinfections included B. burgdorferi\u2009+\u2009Ba. microti(2.0%), B. burgdorferi\u2009+\u2009A. phagocytophilum(1.5%) and one tick positive for A. phagocytophilum\u2009+\u2009Ba. microti.Infection rates for B. burgdorferiwere lower in the western region of the state. Our findings substantiate that Lyme disease risk is high throughout Pennsylvania.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,10]],"date-time":"2015-04-10T00:11:57Z","timestamp":1428624717000},"page":"693-698","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Prevalence Rates of<i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>(Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae),<i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/i>(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), and<i>Babesia microti<\/i>(Piroplasmida: Babesiidae) in Host-Seeking<i>Ixodes scapularis<\/i>(Acari: Ixodidae) from Pennsylvania"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"M. L.","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, P.O. Box 1467, Harrisburg, PA 17105."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. D.","family":"Strohecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, P.O. Box 1467, Harrisburg, PA 17105."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. W.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Department of Biology, 114 Weyandt Hall, 975 Oakland Avenue, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. D.","family":"Kyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, P.O. Box 1467, Harrisburg, PA 17105."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. W.","family":"Helwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, P.O. Box 1467, Harrisburg, PA 17105."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023090420023297200_tjv037-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2799-2801.2004","article-title":"Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi , Bartonella spp., Babesia microti , and Anaplasma phagocytophila in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in northern New Jersey","volume":"42","author":"Aldeson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2023090420023297200_tjv037-B2","first-page":"99","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi infection in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Kent county, Maryland","volume":"18","author":"Amerasinghe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. 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