{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:31:19Z","timestamp":1791415879396,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) is the principal vector for a variety of viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens causing a growing public-health issue over the past decades. However, a national density map of I. ricinus is still missing. Here, I. ricinus nymphs in Germany were investigated by compiling a high-resolution map depicting the mean annually accumulated nymphal density, as observed by monthly flagging an area of 100 m2. Input data comprise ticks collected at 69 sampling sites. The model domain covers an area of about 357,000\u2009km2 (regional scale). Two negative binomial regression models were fitted to the data to interpolate the tick densities to unsampled locations using bioclimatic variables and land cover, which were selected according to their significance by the Akaike information criterion (AIC). The default model was fitted to the complete dataset resulting in AIC\u2009=\u2009842. An optimized model resulted in a significantly better value of AIC\u2009=\u2009732. Tick densities are very low in urban (green) areas. Maximum annual densities up to 1,000 nymphs per 100 m2 are observed in broad-leaved forests. The tick maps were verified by leave-one-out cross-validation. Root mean square errors of RMSE\u2009=\u2009137 and RMSE\u2009=\u2009126 nymphs per 100 m2 were estimated for the two models, respectively. These errors are of the order of the interannual variation of the tick densities. The compilation of a high-resolution density map of unfed nymphal I. ricinus for Germany provides a novel, nationwide insight into the distribution of an important disease vector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T00:28:24Z","timestamp":1470616104000},"page":"1292-1302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["A Density Map of the Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Lyme Borreliosis Vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) for Germany"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Brugger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria (katharina.brugger@vetmeduni.ac.at; beate.pinior@vetmeduni.ac.at; franz.rubel@vetmeduni.ac.at)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Boehnke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (denise.boehnke@kit.edu)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Petney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kornblumen Stra\u00dfe 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (trevor.petney@kit.edu)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Dobler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstra\u00dfe 11, 80937 Munich, Germany (gerharddobler@bundeswehr.org)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Pfeffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, Leipzig, Germany (pfeffer@vetmed.uni-leipzig.de)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Silaghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, National Center of Vector Entomology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstra\u00dfe 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland (cornelia.silaghi@uzh.ch)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter A.","family":"Schaub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group Zoology\/Parasitology, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany (guenter.schaub@rub.de)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Pinior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria (katharina.brugger@vetmeduni.ac.at; beate.pinior@vetmeduni.ac.at; franz.rubel@vetmeduni.ac.at)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Dautel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tick-Radar GmbH, Haderslebener Stra\u00dfe 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany (dautel@tick-radar.de; olaf.kahl@berlin.de)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Kahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tick-Radar GmbH, Haderslebener Stra\u00dfe 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany (dautel@tick-radar.de; olaf.kahl@berlin.de)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Pfister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Leopoldstra\u00dfe 5, 80752 Munich, Germany (kurt.pfister@tropa.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"S\u00fcss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tick Information Center, Lindenstra\u00dfe 35, 07646 Lippersdorf, Germany (jochen_suess@t-online.de)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Rubel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria (katharina.brugger@vetmeduni.ac.at; beate.pinior@vetmeduni.ac.at; franz.rubel@vetmeduni.ac.at)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020051807380835900_tjw116-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE T. 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