{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:53:01Z","timestamp":1793166781479,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Coachella Valley"},{"name":"Greater Los Angeles County"},{"name":"Kern and Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control Districts"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The establishment of a tropical virus such as West Nile (WNV; Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) within the temperate latitudes of the continental United States was unexpected and perhaps contingent, in part, upon the ability of this invasive virus to persist during winter when temperatures become too cold for replication and vector mosquito gonotrophic activity. Our Forum article reviews research examining possible overwintering mechanisms that include consistent reintroduction and local persistence in vector mosquitoes and avian hosts, mostly using examples from research conducted in California. We conclude that the transmission of WNV involves so many vectors and hosts within different landscapes that multiple overwintering pathways are possible and collectively may be necessary to allow this virus to overwinter consistently within the United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T11:01:49Z","timestamp":1569322909000},"page":"1498-1507","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Overwintering of West Nile Virus in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"William K","family":"Reisen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah S","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District, Elk Grove, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019103013440584400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.119","article-title":"Transovarial transmission of yellow fever virus by mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti)","volume":"28","author":"Aitken","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. 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