{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T01:25:00Z","timestamp":1778203500882,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Defense SERDP","award":["RC-2637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-2637"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vector feeding behavior can have a profound influence on the transmission of vector-borne diseases. In the case of black-legged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say, which vectors the agents of Lyme disease, babesiosis, and other pathogens, the timing and propensity of questing can determine which hosts are fed upon as well as the risk of contact with humans. Yet we know little about the controls and constraints on tick host-finding behavior under natural conditions. Ticks must balance the need to quest for blood meal hosts with the risk of desiccation, all on a fixed energy budget. Prior research, primarily in the laboratory, has shown that questing activity varies with conditions (e.g., temperature, relative humidity), light-dark cycles, and energy reserves, but the findings have been idiosyncratic and the dominant factor(s) in nature remains unknown. We measured questing activity of nymphs and larvae throughout the day and night and over several weeks in enclosures across a range of suitable tick habitats within a site in the Northeast. Activity of nymphs increased slightly during dawn and dusk, opposite of larvae, and declined slightly with air temperature and rain, but these patterns were weak and inconsistent among replicate sites. Rather it appears a fraction of ticks were questing most of the time, regardless of conditions. Our study suggests neither climatic conditions or light-dark cycles have appreciable influence on tick questing behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T22:40:33Z","timestamp":1564699233000},"page":"8-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Environmental Drivers of Questing Activity of Juvenile Black-Legged Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): Temperature, Desiccation Risk, and Diel Cycles"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Christina E","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily S","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse L","family":"Brunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0001","volume-title":"The ASCE standardized reference evapotranspiration equation","author":"Allen","year":"2005"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1451","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.Supplement_6.S1451","article-title":"Epizootiology of Borrelia in Ixodes tick vectors and reservoir hosts","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0127450","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127450","article-title":"Different populations of blacklegged tick nymphs exhibit differences in questing behavior that have implications for human Lyme disease risk","volume":"10","author":"Arsnoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.01.001","article-title":"Nymphal Ixodes scapularis questing behavior explains geographic variation in Lyme borreliosis risk in the eastern United States","volume":"10","author":"Arsnoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8503006","article-title":"The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease","volume":"260","author":"Barbour","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13186","article-title":"Relative humidity and activity patterns of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"51","author":"Berger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-181","article-title":"Adverse moisture events predict seasonal abundance of Lyme disease vector ticks (Ixodes scapularis)","volume":"7","author":"Berger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.4.619","article-title":"Microclimate-dependent survival of unfed adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in nature: life cycle and study design implications","volume":"33","author":"Bertrand","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2498-5","article-title":"On the complexity of measuring forests microclimate and interpreting its relevance in habitat ecology: the example of Ixodes ricinus ticks","volume":"10","author":"Boehnke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0065a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1890\/03-9000","article-title":"Toward a metabolic theory of ecology","volume":"85","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10180","article-title":"Microclimate and the zoonotic cycle of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Switzerland","volume":"48","author":"Burri","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Ent"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/32.2.119","article-title":"Evidence for kairomonal influence on selection of host-ambushing sites by adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"32","author":"Carroll","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.1.11","article-title":"Patterns of activity in host-seeking adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and host-produced kairomones","volume":"35","author":"Carroll","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0070a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2112-x","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of the tick Ixodes ricinus in northern Europe: epidemiological implications.","volume":"10","author":"Cayol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasi. Vectors"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02238","article-title":"Walking by Ixodes ricinus ticks: intrinsic and extrinsic factors determine the attraction of moisture or host odour","volume":"209","author":"Crooks","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/37.3.357","article-title":"Estimating population size and drag sampling efficiency for the blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"37","author":"Daniels","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.166","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of host-seeking Ixodes scapularis nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States","volume":"43","author":"Diuk-Wasser","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0069a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00526.x","article-title":"Field and climate-based model for predicting the density of host-seeking nymphal Ixodes scapularis, an important vector of tick-borne disease agents in the eastern United States.","volume":"19","author":"Diuk-Wasser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Biogeogr"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjy133","article-title":"Questing behavior and analysis of tick-borne bacteria in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Oklahoma","volume":"55","author":"Dubie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0068a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.1.178","article-title":"Ambient air temperature as a predictor of activity of adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"31","author":"Duffy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12214","article-title":"Behavioural responses of Ixodes ricinus nymphs to carbon dioxide and rodent odour","volume":"31","author":"Duijvendijk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-283X.2004.00523.x","article-title":"Phenology of the tick, Ixodes ricinus, in its southern distribution range (central Spain)","volume":"18","author":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.36019\/9780813556031-004","article-title":"Population ecology of Ixodes dammini,","volume-title":"Ecology and environmental management of Lyme disease","author":"Fish","year":"1993"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1014","article-title":"Climate of origin affects tick (Ixodes ricinus) host-seeking behavior in response to temperature: implications for resilience to climate change?","volume":"4","author":"Gilbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0168723","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168723","article-title":"Environmental factors affecting survival of immature Ixodes scapularis and implications for geographical distribution of Lyme disease: the climate\/behavior hypothesis","volume":"12","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0067a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/29.3.501","article-title":"Ecological studies of adult Ixodes scapularis in central Mississippi: questing activity in relation to time of year, vegetation type, and meteorologic conditions.","volume":"29","author":"Goddard","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300010567","article-title":"The development and questing activity of Ixodes ricinus (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) under field conditions in Ireland","volume":"72","author":"Grey","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull. Ent"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.4.471","article-title":"Micrometeorologic factors affecting field host-seeking activity of adult Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"27","author":"Harlan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10111","article-title":"Survival of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) under challenging conditions of temperature and humidity is influenced by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection","volume":"47","author":"Herrmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0026","first-page":"159","article-title":"Host-seeking activity of ixodid ticks in relation to weather variables","volume":"28","author":"Hub\u00e1lek","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2014.12080.x","article-title":"Influence of selected meteorological variables on the questing activity of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Lower Silesia, SW Poland","volume":"39","author":"Kiewra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.12.011","article-title":"Local-scale spatio-temporal distribution of questing Ixodes ricinus L. (Acari: Ixodidae)\u2014a case study from a riparian urban forest in Wroc\u0142aw, SW Poland","volume":"8","author":"Kiewra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.06.001","article-title":"Influence of climatic factors on dynamics of questing Ixodes ricinus ticks in Slovenia","volume":"164","author":"Knap","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3376\/1081-1710(2007)32[342:HBOIPA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Host-seeking behavior of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs in relation to environmental parameters in dense-woodland and woodland-grass habitats","volume":"32","author":"Lane","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2009.00034.x","article-title":"Horizontal and vertical movements of host-seeking Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs in a hardwood forest","volume":"34","author":"Lane","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.23.3-4.379","article-title":"Transpiration and the structure of the epicuticle in ticks","volume":"23","author":"Lees","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.25.2.145","article-title":"The sensory physiology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L","volume":"25","author":"Lees","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000084031","article-title":"The seasonal and diurnal activities of individual sheep ticks (Ixodes ricinus L.)","volume":"41","author":"Lees","year":"1952","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2012.02112.x","article-title":"Predicting the speed of tick invasion: an empirical model of range expansion for the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in Canada","volume":"49","author":"Leighton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-149","article-title":"A multi-level analysis of the relationship between environmental factors and questing Ixodes ricinus dynamics in Belgium","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0233733100","article-title":"The ecology of infectious disease: effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk","volume":"100","author":"LoGiudice","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/25.5.391","article-title":"Questing behavior of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in relation to meteorological and seasonal factors","volume":"25","author":"Loye","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200002357X","article-title":"Ixodes ricinus in relation to its physical environment: the influence of climate on development","volume":"26","author":"MacLeod","year":"1934","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.4.646","article-title":"Intrinsic competence of three ixodid ticks (Acari) as vectors of the Lyme disease spirochete","volume":"27","author":"Mather","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2109.150417","article-title":"Incidence of clinician-diagnosed Lyme disease, United States, 2005-2010","volume":"21","author":"Nelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040145","article-title":"Climate, deer, rodents, and acorns as determinants of variation in Lyme-disease risk","volume":"4","author":"Ostfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360000209","article-title":"Influence of saturation deficit and temperature on Ixodes ricinus tick questing activity in a Lyme borreliosis-endemic area (Switzerland)","volume":"86","author":"Perret","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00345","article-title":"Darkness induces mobility, and saturation deficit limits questing duration, in the tick Ixodes ricinus","volume":"206","author":"Perret","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.3.361","article-title":"Influence of climate on the proportion of Ixodes ricinus nymphs and adults questing in a tick population","volume":"41","author":"Perret","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/13.6.685","article-title":"The Microanatomy of the eye of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) and resultant implications of its structure","volume":"13","author":"Phillis","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Med. Ent"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004004925","article-title":"Tick ecology: processes and patterns behind the epidemiological risk posed by ixodid ticks as vectors","volume":"129","author":"Randolph","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511551802.003","article-title":"The impact of tick ecology on pathogen transmission dynamics,","volume-title":"Ticks: biology, disease and control","author":"Randolph","year":"2008"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/36.6.741","article-title":"Impact of microclimate on immature tick-rodent host interactions (Acari: Ixodidae): implications for parasite transmission","volume":"36","author":"Randolph","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00030-9","article-title":"An empirical quantitative framework for the seasonal population dynamics of the tick Ixodes ricinus","volume":"32","author":"Randolph","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0051","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing computer program, version 3.5.2","author":"R Core Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0052","volume-title":"broom: convert statistical analysis objects into tidy data frames, version R package version 0.5.1","author":"Robinson","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.2.372","article-title":"Duration of exposure to suboptimal atmospheric moisture affects nymphal blacklegged tick survival","volume":"44","author":"Rodgers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.06.008","article-title":"Transovarial transmission of Borrelia spirochetes by Ixodes scapularis: a summary of the literature and recent observations","volume":"4","author":"Rollend","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/249084a0","article-title":"Site and mechanism of water vapour uptake from the atmosphere in ixodid ticks","volume":"249","author":"Rudolph","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2014.12070.x","article-title":"Abundance and seasonal activity of questing Ixodes ricinus ticks in their natural habitats in southern Germany in 2011","volume":"39","author":"Schulz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.4.395","article-title":"Meteorologically mediated diurnal questing of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs","volume":"40","author":"Schulze","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/22.1.88","article-title":"The role of adult Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in the transmission of Lyme disease in New Jersey, USA","volume":"22","author":"Schulze","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.2.318","article-title":"Effects of selected meterological factors on diurnal questing of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma Americanum (Acari: Ixodidade)","volume":"38","author":"Schulze","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012510451-7\/50026-8","article-title":"Ticks (Ixodida),","volume-title":"Medical and veterinary entomology","author":"Sonenshine","year":"2002"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.10.011","article-title":"Assessing the abundance, seasonal questing activity, and Borrelia and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) prevalence of Ixodes ricinus ticks in a Lyme borreliosis endemic area in Southwest Finland","volume":"7","author":"Sormunen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.2.310","article-title":"Survival of immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) at different relative humidities","volume":"31","author":"Stafford","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60103-7","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"379","author":"Stanek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.022","article-title":"Saturation deficit and deer density affect questing activity and local abundance of Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodidae) in Italy","volume":"183","author":"Tagliapietra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110028","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110028","article-title":"Towards an evolutionary understanding of questing behaviour in the tick Ixodes ricinus","volume":"9","author":"Tomkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.6.1025","article-title":"Air temperature and relative humidity effects on behavioral activity of blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs in New Jersey","volume":"35","author":"Vail","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.6.842","article-title":"Vertical movement and posture of blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs as a function of temperature and relative humidity in laboratory experiments","volume":"39","author":"Vail","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Ent"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0066a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300026092","article-title":"Lipid consumption in Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae): temperature and potential longevity.","volume":"88","author":"van Es","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0069","volume-title":"dplyr: a grammar of data manipulation, version R package version 0.8.0.1","author":"Wickham","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020010907383052000_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/22.4.408","article-title":"Seasonal activity of immature Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"22","author":"Wilson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/57\/1\/8\/31775990\/tjz126.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/57\/1\/8\/31775990\/tjz126.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]],"date-time":"2024-07-21T16:19:07Z","timestamp":1721578747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article\/57\/1\/8\/5542798"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Janet","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjz126","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2585","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]]}}}