{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T04:18:36Z","timestamp":1794025116205,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01CK000509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CK000509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In North America, the geographic distribution, ecology, and vectorial capacity of a diverse assemblage of mosquito species belonging to the genus Culex determine patterns of West Nile virus transmission and disease risk. East of the Mississippi River, mostly ornithophagic Culex pipiens L. complex mosquitoes drive intense enzootic transmission with relatively small numbers of human cases. Westward, the presence of highly competent Culex tarsalis (Coquillett) under arid climate and hot summers defines the regions with the highest human risk. West Nile virus human risk distribution is not uniform geographically or temporally within all regions. Notable geographic \u2018hotspots\u2019 persist with occasional severe outbreaks. Despite two decades of comprehensive research, several questions remain unresolved, such as the role of non-Culex bridge vectors, which are not involved in the enzootic cycle, but may be involved in virus transmission to humans. The absence of bridge vectors also may help to explain the frequent lack of West Nile virus \u2018spillover\u2019 into human populations despite very intense enzootic amplification in the eastern United States. This article examines vectorial capacity and the eco-epidemiology of West Nile virus mosquito vectors in four geographic regions of North America and presents some of the unresolved questions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T11:01:56Z","timestamp":1569322916000},"page":"1475-1490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["West Nile Virus Mosquito Vectors in North America"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7680-6965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilia","family":"Rochlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ary","family":"Faraji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District, Salt Lake City, UT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Healy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore G","family":"Andreadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2014.12078.x","article-title":"Survival of West Nile virus-challenged Southern house mosquitoes, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, in relation to environmental temperatures","volume":"39","author":"Alto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1086\/508754","article-title":"Importance of vertical and horizontal transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens in the Northeastern United States","volume":"194","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.5.1010","article-title":"West Nile virus from female and male mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in subterranean, ground, and canopy habitats in Connecticut","volume":"43","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.3.445","article-title":"Extrinsic incubation periods for horizontal and vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"45","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0473","article-title":"Horizontal and vertical transmission of West Nile virus genotype NY99 by Culex salinarius and genotypes NY99 and WN02 by Culex tarsalis","volume":"86","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.2987\/12-6260R.1","article-title":"Aedes japonicus japonicus and associated woodland species attracted to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps baited with carbon dioxide and the Traptech mosquito lure","volume":"28","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0291","article-title":"Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003-2006","volume":"92","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-28.4s.137","article-title":"The contribution of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes to transmission and persistence of West Nile virus in North America","volume":"28","author":"Andreadis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017413","article-title":"Mosquito surveillance for West Nile virus in Connecticut, 2000: isolation from Culex pipiens, Cx. restuans, Cx. salinarius, and Culiseta melanura","volume":"7","author":"Andreadis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2004.4.360","article-title":"Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999-2003","volume":"4","author":"Andreadis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0010","volume-title":"Identification guide to the mosquitoes of Connecticut","author":"Andreadis","year":"2005"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2987\/10-6004.1","article-title":"Studies on hibernating populations of Culex pipiens from a West Nile virus endemic focus in New York City: parity rates and isolation of West Nile virus","volume":"26","author":"Andreadis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.5.777","article-title":"Host-feeding habits of Culex and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Borough of Queens in New York City, with characters and techniques for identification of Culex mosquitoes","volume":"39","author":"Apperson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/153036604773083013","article-title":"Host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States","volume":"4","author":"Apperson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.2987\/18-6738.1","article-title":"A taxonomic checklist and relative abundance of the mosquitoes of New York City","volume":"34","author":"Bajwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/47.5.759","article-title":"Seasonal abundance of Culex tarsalis and Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in California","volume":"47","author":"Barker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110303256","article-title":"A tale of two city blocks: differences in immature and adult mosquito abundances between socioeconomically different urban blocks in Baltimore (Maryland, USA)","volume":"11","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.373","article-title":"West Nile virus in host-seeking mosquitoes within a residential neighborhood in Grand Forks, North Dakota","volume":"5","author":"Bell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0018","volume-title":"Mosquitoes of California","author":"Bohart","year":"1978"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0019","first-page":"186","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of four potential West Nile vector species in north-central Texas","volume":"30","author":"Bolling","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2007)23[37:ESATCF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Entomological studies along the Colorado Front Range during a period of intense West Nile virus activity","volume":"23","author":"Bolling","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0641","article-title":"Seasonal patterns for entomological measures of risk for exposure to Culex vectors and West Nile virus in relation to human disease cases in northeastern Colorado","volume":"46","author":"Bolling","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0134","article-title":"Regional differences in the association between land cover and West Nile virus disease incidence in humans in the United States","volume":"84","author":"Bowden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2987\/5688.1","article-title":"Survey of mosquito fauna in Lubbock County, Texas","volume":"24","author":"Bradford","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-351","article-title":"Modelling adult Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus survival at different temperatures in laboratory and field settings","volume":"6","author":"Brady","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0048","article-title":"Vector-host interactions in avian nests: do mosquitoes prefer nestlings over adults?","volume":"83","author":"Burkett-Cadena","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.478","article-title":"Combined sewage overflows (CSO) are major urban breeding sites for Culex quinquefasciatus in Atlanta, Georgia","volume":"77","author":"Calhoun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13089","article-title":"Host-selection patterns of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) determine the spatial heterogeneity of West Nile virus enzootic activity in northern California","volume":"50","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11221","article-title":"Predicting weekly variation of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) West Nile virus infection in a newly endemic region, the Canadian prairies","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.8267","article-title":"The 2012 West Nile encephalitis epidemic in Dallas, Texas","volume":"310","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13003","article-title":"The effect of temperature on life history traits of Culex mosquitoes","volume":"51","author":"Ciota","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.452","article-title":"Host feeding patterns of potential vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus at an epizootic focus in Tennessee","volume":"81","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2987\/13-6326r.1","article-title":"West Nile virus outbreak in Phoenix, Arizona\u20132010: entomological observations and epidemiological correlations","volume":"29","author":"Colborn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-12","article-title":"West Nile Virus: biology, transmission, and human infection","volume":"25","author":"Colpitts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-5-36","article-title":"Avian GIS models signal human risk for West Nile virus in Mississippi","volume":"5","author":"Cooke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0035","first-page":"50","article-title":"Continued host preference studies with New Jersey mosquitoes, 1963","volume":"51","author":"Crans","year":"1964","journal-title":"Proc. New Jersey Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55006","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055006","article-title":"West nile virus prevalence across landscapes is mediated by local effects of agriculture on vector and host communities","volume":"8","author":"Crowder","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.29173\/bluejay5709","article-title":"Saskatchewan mosquitoes and West Nile virus","volume":"62","author":"Curry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blue Jay"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0038","volume-title":"Identification and geographical distribution of the mosquitos of North America","author":"Darsie","year":"2005"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-19","article-title":"Landscape, demographic, entomological, and climatic associations with human disease incidence of West Nile virus in the state of Iowa, USA","volume":"7","author":"DeGroote","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2014.13","article-title":"Landscape, demographic and climatic associations with human West Nile virus occurrence regionally in 2012 in the United States of America","volume":"9","author":"DeGroote","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geospat. Health"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2007)23[264:ABTMPA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Associations between two mosquito populations and West Nile virus in Harris County, Texas, 2003-06","volume":"23","author":"Dennett","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.3.594","article-title":"Emergence of West Nile virus in mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) communities of the New Mexico Rio Grande Valley","volume":"43","author":"DiMenna","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.1.221","article-title":"Effect of environmental temperature on the ability of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus","volume":"39","author":"Dohm","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43246-y","article-title":"Long-term surveillance defines spatial and temporal patterns implicating Culex tarsalis as the primary vector of West Nile virus","volume":"9","author":"Dunphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.5.838","article-title":"Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) relative abundance and vector competence for West Nile Virus","volume":"42","author":"Ebel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/11.1.95","article-title":"Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes. 3. Culex (Culex) and Culex (Neoculex)","volume":"11","author":"Edman","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1536","article-title":"Diverse host feeding on nesting birds may limit early-season West Nile virus amplification","volume":"14","author":"Egizi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/9.3.233","article-title":"A preliminary study of the seasonal geographic distribution and overwintering of Culex restuans Theobald and Culex salinarius Coquillet (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"9","author":"Eldridge","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.5.966","article-title":"The potential of Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) as an enzootic vector of West Nile virus","volume":"43","author":"Erickson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3284","article-title":"Avian diversity and West Nile virus: testing associations between biodiversity and infectious disease risk","volume":"273","author":"Ezenwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3037","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003037","article-title":"Comparative host feeding patterns of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, in urban and suburban Northeastern USA and implications for disease transmission","volume":"8","author":"Faraji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plos Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1012-1","article-title":"Experimental host preference of diapause and non-diapause induced Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"8","author":"Faraji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.3.490","article-title":"Detection of West Nile viral RNA from an overwintering pool of Culex pipens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in New Jersey, 2003","volume":"42","author":"Farajollahi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.08.013","article-title":"\u201cBird biting\u201d mosquitoes and human disease: a review of the role of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"Farajollahi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094247","article-title":"Emerging vectors in the Culex pipiens complex","volume":"303","author":"Fonseca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0056","first-page":"41","article-title":"Estimation of vectorial capacity: vector abundance in relation to man","volume":"14","author":"Freier","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bull.Soc.Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2013.12035.x","article-title":"Patterns of spatio-temporal distribution, abundance, and diversity in a mosquito community from the eastern Smoky Hills of Kansas","volume":"38","author":"Ganser","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11073","article-title":"Weather variability affects abundance of larval Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) in storm water catch basins in suburban Chicago","volume":"49","author":"Gardner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-9","article-title":"Terrestrial vegetation and aquatic chemistry influence larval mosquito abundance in catch basins, Chicago, USA","volume":"6","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0060","first-page":"537","article-title":"Seasonal abundance and control of Culex spp. in catch basins in Illinois","volume":"5","author":"Geery","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2005)21[194:HPOSWN]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Host-feeding patterns of suspected West Nile virus mosquito vectors in Delaware, 2001-2002","volume":"21","author":"Gingrich","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.3.429","article-title":"Ultrastructural study of West Nile Virus pathogenesis in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"42","author":"Girard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/47.3.421","article-title":"Transcriptome changes in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) salivary glands during West Nile virus infection","volume":"47","author":"Girard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020536","article-title":"Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus","volume":"8","author":"Goddard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0065","first-page":"70","article-title":"Extrinsic incubation period of West Nile virus in four California Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) species","volume-title":"Proc. Mosq","author":"Goddard","year":"2003"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.82","article-title":"West Nile virus epizootiology in the southeastern United States, 2001","volume":"5","author":"Godsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0700","article-title":"Entomologic investigations during an outbreak of West Nile virus disease in Maricopa County, Arizona, 2010","volume":"87","author":"Godsey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0109","article-title":"Ecology of potential West Nile virus vectors in Southeastern Louisiana: enzootic transmission in the relative absence of Culex quinquefasciatus","volume":"88","author":"Godsey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.1.125","article-title":"Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae): a bridge vector of West Nile virus to humans","volume":"45","author":"Hamer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.268","article-title":"Host selection by Culex pipiens mosquitoes and West Nile virus amplification","volume":"80","author":"Hamer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/20.4.391","article-title":"Survival and population density of Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in a woodlot in central Ohio, USA","volume":"20","author":"Haramis","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.28.010183.001305","article-title":"Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses","volume":"28","author":"Hardy","year":"1983","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.1.1","article-title":"Considerations for accurate identification of adult Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) in field studies","volume":"45","author":"Harrington","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2987\/08-5754.1","article-title":"Rapid assessment of mosquitoes and arbovirus activity after floods in southeastern Kansas, 2007","volume":"25","author":"Harrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.641","article-title":"Avian host preference by vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus","volume":"69","author":"Hassan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0076","first-page":"179","article-title":"Host preferences of Culiseta melanura and allied mosquitoes","volume":"21","author":"Hayes","year":"1961","journal-title":"Mosq. News"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvv094","article-title":"Population dynamics of Culex restuans and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) Related to Climatic Factors in Northwest Ohio","volume":"44","author":"Helbing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.518","article-title":"Genetic insights into the population structure of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Northeastern United States by using microsatellite analysis","volume":"79","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0146","article-title":"Genetic variation associated with mammalian feeding in Culex pipiens from a West Nile virus epidemic region in Chicago, Illinois","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-007-0152-y","article-title":"Urban wet environment as mosquito habitat in the upper midwest","volume":"5","author":"Irwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2006)22[206:SAOCRA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Seasonal abundance of Culex restuans and Culex pipiens in southwestern Virginia through ovitrapping","volume":"22","author":"Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.1.96","article-title":"West Nile virus infection in farmed American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in Florida","volume":"41","author":"Jacobson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1950.s1-30.909","article-title":"Bionomics of Culex tarsalis in relation to Western equine encephalomyelitis","volume":"30","author":"Jenkins","year":"1950","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.4.607","article-title":"Comparison of recapture patterns of marked and released Aedes vexans and Ae. melanimon (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Sacramento Valley of California","volume":"31","author":"Jensen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12035","article-title":"Drought-induced amplification of local and regional West Nile virus infection rates in New Jersey","volume":"50","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.01.007","article-title":"Unexpected spatiotemporal abundance of infected Culex restuans suggest a greater role as a West Nile virus vector for this native species","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11191","article-title":"Rainfall influences survival of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in a residential neighborhood in the mid-Atlantic United States","volume":"49","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011613-162012","article-title":"Invasion biology of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"59","author":"Kaufman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2005)21[171:TIOATH]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The importance of agricultural tire habitats for mosquitoes of public health importance in New York State","volume":"21","author":"Kaufman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2008.02469.x","article-title":"Molecular methods for arthropod bloodmeal identification and applications to ecological and vector-borne disease studies","volume":"9","author":"Kent","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/41.5.50","article-title":"Genetic differences between Culex pipiens f. molestus and Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in New York","volume":"44","author":"Kent","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0226","article-title":"Seasonal blood-feeding behavior of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Weld County, Colorado, 2007","volume":"46","author":"Kent","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1103.040364","article-title":"West Nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm","volume":"11","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040082","article-title":"West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior","volume":"4","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3575","article-title":"Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission","volume":"273","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.667","article-title":"Genetic influences on mosquito feeding behavior and the emergence of zoonotic pathogens","volume":"77","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000092","article-title":"Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes","volume":"4","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0005","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation in vector competence of Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans mosquitoes for West Nile virus","volume":"83","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040264","article-title":"Alligators as West Nile virus amplifiers","volume":"10","author":"Klenk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)61005-5","article-title":"West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America","volume":"61","author":"Komar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020628","article-title":"Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus","volume":"9","author":"Komar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0208","article-title":"Microsatellite characterization of subspecies and their hybrids in Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes along a north-south transect in the central United States","volume":"46","author":"Kothera","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0103","first-page":"805","article-title":"A comparison of aboveground and belowground populations of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Chicago, Illinois, and New York City, New York, using microsatellites","volume":"47","author":"Kothera","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0040","article-title":"Population genetic and admixture analyses of Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in California, United States","volume":"89","author":"Kothera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.53.103106.093258","article-title":"A global perspective on the epidemiology of West Nile virus","volume":"53","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017421","article-title":"West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, Staten Island, New York, 2000","volume":"7","author":"Kulasekera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.168","article-title":"Modeling the impact of variable climatic factors on the crossover of Culex restauns and Culex pipiens (Diptera: culicidae), vectors of West Nile virus in Illinois","volume":"74","author":"Kunkel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0076","article-title":"West Nile virus emergence and persistence in Los Angeles, California, 2003-2008","volume":"83","author":"Kwan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1808.111558","article-title":"Comparison of enzootic risk measures for predicting West Nile disease, Los Angeles, California, USA, 2004-2010","volume":"18","author":"Kwan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2006)22[390:CPDAWN]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Culex population dynamics and West Nile virus transmission in east-central Illinois","volume":"22","author":"Lampman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0809","article-title":"Supersuppression: reservoir competency and timing of mosquito host shifts combine to reduce spillover of West Nile Virus","volume":"95","author":"Levine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-1999-6","article-title":"Avian species diversity and transmission of West Nile virus in Atlanta, Georgia","volume":"10","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.534","article-title":"Assessing mosquito feeding patterns on nestling and brooding adult birds using microsatellite markers","volume":"81","author":"Ligon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13163","article-title":"Evaluation of seasonal feeding patterns of West Nile virus vectors in Bernalillo county, New Mexico, United States: implications for disease transmission","volume":"51","author":"Lujan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2006)22[264:WNVSIM]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"West Nile virus surveillance in mosquitoes in New York State, 2000-2004","volume":"22","author":"Lukacik","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/47.2.238","article-title":"Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana","volume":"47","author":"Mackay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.1951.tb00752.x","article-title":"The Culex pipiens complex","volume":"102","author":"Mattingly","year":"1951","journal-title":"Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/4588774","article-title":"Mosquito distribution and abundance in the Arkansas-White-Red River Basins","volume":"69","author":"McNeel","year":"1954","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/61.1.116","article-title":"Host preferences of mosquitoes (Diptera: culicidae) in Suffolk County, New York","volume":"61","author":"Means","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0120","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mosquitoes of New York. Part II. Genera of Culicidae other than Aedes occurring in New York","volume":"430b","author":"Means","year":"1987","journal-title":"New York State Mus. Bull"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2987\/5655.1","article-title":"An assessment of mosquito production and nonchemical control measures in structural stormwater best management practices in southern California","volume":"24","author":"Metzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tju016","article-title":"Mom Matters: Diapause Characteristics of Culex pipiens-Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Hybrid Mosquitoes","volume":"52","author":"Meuti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2833-5","article-title":"Environmental and social-demographic predictors of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in New Orleans, Louisiana","volume":"11","author":"Moise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.5.1088","article-title":"Identification of avian- and mammalian-derived bloodmeals in Aedes vexans and Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) and its implication for West Nile virus transmission in Connecticut, U.S.A","volume":"43","author":"Molaei","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.051004","article-title":"Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States","volume":"12","author":"Molaei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.73","article-title":"Host feeding pattern of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and its role in transmission of West Nile virus in Harris County, Texas","volume":"77","author":"Molaei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.6.1143","article-title":"Host-feeding patterns of potential mosquito vectors in Connecticut, U.S.A.: molecular analysis of bloodmeals from 23 species of Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Coquillettidia, Psorophora, and Uranotaenia","volume":"45","author":"Molaei","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2987\/09-0012.1","article-title":"Human bloodfeeding by the recently introduced mosquito, Aedes japonicus japonicus, and public health implications","volume":"25","author":"Molaei","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0392","article-title":"Vector-host interactions governing epidemiology of West Nile virus in Southern California","volume":"83","author":"Molaei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10067","article-title":"Blood-feeding patterns of the Culex pipiens complex in Sacramento and Yolo Counties, California","volume":"48","author":"Montgomery","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11193","article-title":"Vector competence of Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) from two regions of Chicago with low and high prevalence of West Nile virus human infections","volume":"49","author":"Mutebi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017426","article-title":"West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000","volume":"7","author":"Nasci","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.1296","article-title":"Experimental vertical transmission of Saint Louis encephalitis virus by Florida mosquitoes","volume":"35","author":"Nayar","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0219","article-title":"Phenotypic variation among Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) populations from the Sacramento Valley, California: horizontal and vertical transmission of West Nile virus, diapause potential, autogeny, and host selection","volume":"89","author":"Nelms","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/71.5.801","article-title":"Estimates of survival, population size, and emergence of Culex tarsalis at an isolated sitee","volume":"71","author":"Nelson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0136","first-page":"339","article-title":"Dispersal and survival of Aedes albopictus at a scrap tire yard in Missouri","volume":"10","author":"Niebylski","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0137","first-page":"447","article-title":"Blood hosts of Aedes albopictus in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Niebylski","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.2987\/moco-31-04-336-345.1","article-title":"An updated checklist of the mosquitoes of oklahoma including new state records and west nile virus vectors, 2003-06","volume":"31","author":"Noden","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1901.121135","article-title":"West Nile virus infection among humans, Texas, USA, 2002-2011","volume":"19","author":"Nolan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0634","article-title":"Potential vectors of West Nile virus in a semiarid environment: Do\u00f1a Ana County, New Mexico","volume":"46","author":"Pitzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0190633","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190633","article-title":"Interactions between the invasive Burmese python, Python bivittatus Kuhl, and the local mosquito community in Florida, USA","volume":"13","author":"Reeves","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0142","first-page":"67","article-title":"Relationship to disease transmission by malaria and arbovirus Vectors","volume":"14","author":"Reisen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bull.Soc.Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-112408-085419","article-title":"Landscape epidemiology of vector-borne diseases","volume":"55","author":"Reisen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-28.4.82","article-title":"The contrasting bionomics of Culex mosquitoes in western North America","volume":"28","author":"Reisen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1325","article-title":"West Nile virus in North America: perspectives on epidemiology and intervention","volume":"63","author":"Reisen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.3.356","article-title":"Mosquito abundance and bionomics in residential communities in Orange and Los Angeles Counties, California","volume":"27","author":"Reisen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/29.3.531","article-title":"Population dynamics of adult Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) along the Kern River, Kern County, California, in 1990","volume":"29","author":"Reisen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/32.3.316","article-title":"Bionomics of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to arbovirus transmission in southeastern California","volume":"32","author":"Reisen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1008.040077","article-title":"West Nile virus in California","volume":"10","author":"Reisen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.309","article-title":"Effects of temperature on the transmission of west nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"43","author":"Reisen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1411.080719","article-title":"Delinquent mortgages, neglected swimming pools, and West Nile virus, California","volume":"14","author":"Reisen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.6.1126","article-title":"Does variation in Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence enable outbreaks of West Nile virus in California?","volume":"45","author":"Reisen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0118","article-title":"Repeated West Nile virus epidemic transmission in Kern County, California, 2004-2007","volume":"46","author":"Reisen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.6.1134","article-title":"Habitat segregation of mosquito arbovirus vectors in south Florida","volume":"43","author":"Rey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.3.543","article-title":"Host-feeding patterns of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to availability of human and domestic animals in suburban landscapes of central North Carolina","volume":"43","author":"Richards","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0229","article-title":"Impact of West Nile virus dose and incubation period on vector competence of Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"11","author":"Richards","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0157","first-page":"271","article-title":"Blood-feeding patterns of Iowa mosquitoes","volume":"41","author":"Ritchie","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mosq. News"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2016.03.031","article-title":"A host stage-structured model of enzootic West Nile virus transmission to explore the effect of avian stage-dependent exposure to vectors","volume":"399","author":"Robertson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2987\/5748.1","article-title":"Salt marsh as Culex salinarius larval habitat in coastal New York","volume":"24","author":"Rochlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2008)45[563:CAODAA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Comparative analysis of distribution and abundance of West Nile and eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus vectors in Suffolk County, New York, using human population density and land use\/cover data","volume":"45","author":"Rochlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.661","article-title":"Distribution and abundance of host-seeking Culex species at three proximate locations with different levels of West Nile virus activity","volume":"80","author":"Rochlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-012-0345-3","article-title":"The rise of the invasives and decline of the natives: insights revealed from adult populations of container-inhabiting Aedes mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in temperate North America","volume":"15","author":"Rochlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv171","article-title":"Comparison of Mosquito magnet and biogents sentinel traps for operational surveillance of Container-Inhabiting Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) Species","volume":"53","author":"Rochlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1608.100483","article-title":"West Nile virus range expansion into British Columbia","volume":"16","author":"Roth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-19","article-title":"Local impact of temperature and precipitation on West Nile virus infection in Culex species mosquitoes in northeast Illinois, USA","volume":"3","author":"Ruiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1402-z","article-title":"Geographic variation in the response of Culex pipiens life history traits to temperature","volume":"9","author":"Ruybal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1646-7","article-title":"Ecological niche modeling of mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in St. John\u2019s County, Florida, USA","volume":"9","author":"Sallam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010617","article-title":"Vector competence of selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia mosquitoes for West Nile virus","volume":"7","author":"Sardelis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0169","first-page":"284","article-title":"Vector competence of three North American strains of Aedes albopictus for West Nile virus","volume":"18","author":"Sardelis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.1.27","article-title":"Host-feeding patterns of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) at a temperate North American site","volume":"30","author":"Savage","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0602","article-title":"Host choice and West Nile virus infection rates in blood-fed mosquitoes, including members of the Culex pipiens complex, from Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee, 2002-2003","volume":"7","author":"Savage","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12155","article-title":"Host preferences in host-seeking and blood-fed mosquitoes in Switzerland","volume":"30","author":"Sch\u00f6nenberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.2.134","article-title":"Drought-induced amplification and epidemic transmission of West Nile virus in southern Florida","volume":"42","author":"Shaman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw042","article-title":"Predicting West Nile virus infection risk from the synergistic effects of rainfall and temperature","volume":"53","author":"Shand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0175","first-page":"271","article-title":"Population structure in the Culex pipiens complex of mosquitos","volume":"37","author":"Spielman","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0176","first-page":"379","article-title":"Activity of Culex quinquefasciatus in an underground storm drain in San Antonio, Texas","volume":"2","author":"Strickman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0079","article-title":"Autogeny in Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes from the San Francisco Bay Area","volume":"87","author":"Strickman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0178","first-page":"79","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of mosquitoes in underground storm drain systems in Orange County, California","volume":"28","author":"Su","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1965.14.170","article-title":"A three-year study of the feeding habits of culex tarsalis in Kern County, California","volume":"14","author":"Tempelis","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1967.16.111","article-title":"Variations in feeding patterns of seven culicine mosquitoes on vertebrate hosts in Weld and Larimer Counties, Colorado","volume":"16","author":"Tempelis","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001452","article-title":"Mosquito host selection varies seasonally with host availability and mosquito density","volume":"5","author":"Thiemann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plos Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11272","article-title":"Spatial variation in host feeding patterns of Culex tarsalis and the Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in California","volume":"49","author":"Thiemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.40","article-title":"A comparision of West Nile Virus transmission by Ochlerotatus trivittatus (COQ.), Culex pipiens (L.), and Aedes albopictus (Skuse)","volume":"5","author":"Tiawsirisup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.3.452","article-title":"Vector competence of Aedes vexans (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus and potential as an enzootic vector","volume":"45","author":"Tiawsirisup","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz122","article-title":"Crossover dynamics of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) vector populations determine WNV transmission intensity","author":"Tokarz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.2.130","article-title":"Vector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus","volume":"38","author":"Turell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0187","first-page":"241","article-title":"Potential vectors of West Nile virus in North America","volume":"267","author":"Turell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1089\/15303660260613756","article-title":"Vector competence of Culex tarsalis from Orange County, California, for West Nile virus","volume":"2","author":"Turell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.1.57","article-title":"An update on the potential of north American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile Virus","volume":"42","author":"Turell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2010.00064.x","article-title":"Evidence of vertical transmission of West Nile virus in field-collected mosquitoes","volume":"35","author":"Unlu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/47.4.625","article-title":"Detection of West Nile virus RNA in mosquitoes and identification of mosquito blood meals collected at alligator farms in Louisiana","volume":"47","author":"Unlu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv074","article-title":"Species composition and seasonal distribution of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Southern New Jersey, Burlington County","volume":"52","author":"Verna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.3.483","article-title":"Arbovirus transmission by Culex nigripalpus in Florida, 2005","volume":"45","author":"Vitek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/24.4.485","article-title":"Adult survivorship, population density, and body size in sympatric populations of Aedes triseriatus and Aedes hendersoni (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"24","author":"Walker","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0195","first-page":"51","article-title":"Field-tests of methoprene (Altosid SR-10) and an experimental wettable powder (ZPA-1019) against Culex quinquefasciatus in septic ditches","volume":"41","author":"Williams","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mosq. News"},{"key":"2019103013423791500_CIT0196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.654","article-title":"Combining mosquito vector and human disease data for improved assessment of spatial West Nile virus disease risk","volume":"78","author":"Winters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/56\/6\/1475\/30321346\/tjz146.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/56\/6\/1475\/30321346\/tjz146.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T22:31:04Z","timestamp":1611354664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article\/56\/6\/1475\/5572131"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"William","family":"Reisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"references-count":197,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjz146","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2585","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]}}}