{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T11:56:05Z","timestamp":1753876565777,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University","award":["RG-1439-030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-1439-030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Mosquitoes transmit serious diseases, which threaten humans and severely affect livestock. The half-lethal concentration (LC50) was calculated by log probit analysis. The LC50 and LC90 values of larvicidal activity of Cassia fistula Linn. hexane-methanol soluble fraction (HMSF) after 24 h of exposure were 21.04 and 34.68 \u00b5g\/ml, respectively. The LC50 values after 24 h of exposure were 84.09 \u00b5g\/ml and 108.08 \u00b5g\/ml for chloroform\u2013methanol soluble fraction (CMSF) and ethyl acetate-methanol soluble fraction (EMSF) respectively. The percent hatchability of eggs exposed to the hexane extract was 90 \u00b1 5.0, 68.33 \u00b1 7.6, 46.6 \u00b1 11.5, 10 \u00b1 0.0, and 0 \u00b1 0.0% at 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 ppm, respectively. The pupicidal activity of the hexane extract at 40 \u00b5g\/ml was 0.0%. The LC50 value of adulticidal activity of the hexane extract was 12.8 mg\/test tube. The biosafety of the hexane extract was assessed in nontarget organisms, i.e., zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and normal lung cells (BEAS-2B). The hexane extract of C. fistula was well tolerated by zebrafish embryos, and no mortality or toxicity was found in the embryos exposed to the highest tested concentration of 300 \u00b5g\/ml. Similarly, all the concentrations tested against the normal lung cells (BEAS-2B) showed more than 95% survival. The gas chromatography\u2013mass spectroscopy analysis identified 12 compounds, and 2-methyl hexanoic acid and 2-methyl butanoic acid were the major compounds identified in the hexane extract. The larvicidal activity of C. fistula extracts will help in the development of natural substitutes for vector management of mosquito populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T12:56:46Z","timestamp":1573045006000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Target and Nontarget Toxicity of Cassia fistula Fruit Extract Against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae), Lung Cells (BEAS-2B) and Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Nael","family":"Abutaha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8190-7901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahd A","family":"Al-Mekhlafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019110607562048600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjbas.2017.09.004","article-title":"Adulticidal and repellent activities of some botanical oils against malaria mosquito: Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"7","author":"Afolabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Beni-Suef University J Basic Appl Sci"},{"key":"2019110607562048600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1673\/031.011.17601","article-title":"Mosquito vectors survey in the AL-Ahsaa district of eastern Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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