{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:53:54Z","timestamp":1785545634870,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]],"date-time":"2019-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mosquitoes of the Aedes genus are vectors for dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever viruses. Mosquito repellents are an effective way to prevent mosquito bites and reduce the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. In the early 90s, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a list of active ingredients that pose minimum risk to human health that can be used as pesticides or repellents without passing the EPA registration process. The present study examined the efficacy of 21 of the active ingredients listed by the EPA 25 (B) exempt list and five commercially available sprays that only contained active ingredients from the EPA 25(B) list in repelling female Aedes aegypti (L.) females. We performed choice bioassays in a controlled laboratory environment, using a Y-tube olfactometer to determine attraction rates of humans to female Ae. aegypti in the presence of one of the 21 active ingredients and five commercially available repellent sprays. We found that cinnamon oil, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, lemongrass oil, and garlic oil reduced mosquito attraction to human odor. Of the five commercial repellent sprays, only one reduced mosquito attraction for up to 30 min in our assay. The EPA 25 (B) list contains active ingredients that under the conditions of our assay repel Ae. aegypti.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]],"date-time":"2019-10-15T10:08:53Z","timestamp":1571134133000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Efficacy of Active Ingredients From the EPA 25(B) List in Reducing Attraction of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to Humans"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Soumi","family":"Mitra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy D","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Vulcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Cordova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae-Na","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashoda","family":"Kandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Immo A","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(99)00079-6","article-title":"Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil","volume":"71","author":"Ansari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2005.02.013","article-title":"Nutritional regulation of vitellogenesis in mosquitoes: implications for anautogeny","volume":"35","author":"Attardo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0003","volume-title":"Active Ingredients Eligible for Minimum Risk Pesticide Use: Overview of the Profiles","author":"Baker","year":"2018"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/36.5.625","article-title":"Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"36","author":"Barnard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.4.726","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of mosquito repellents against Aedes albopictus, Culex nigripalpus, and Ochierotatus triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"41","author":"Barnard","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0006","first-page":"575","article-title":"Repellent property of oil fraction of garlic, Allium sativum Linn","volume":"12","author":"Bhuyan","year":"1974","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1925.s1-5.359","article-title":"Mosquito repellents","volume":"1","author":"Bunker","year":"1925","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4039\/n10-032","article-title":"Is soybean oil an effective repellent against Aedes aegypti?","volume":"142","author":"Campbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Entomol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.2010.01570.x","article-title":"Organosulphur constituents in garlic oil elicit antennal and behavioural responses from the yellow fever mosquito","volume":"135","author":"Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0947-2","article-title":"Antifungal activity and mode of action of thymol and its synergism with nystatin against Candida species involved with infections in the oral cavity: an in vitro study","volume":"15","author":"de Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.12.038","article-title":"Botanical essential oils and uses as mosquitocides and repellents against dengue","volume":"113","author":"Chellappandian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4395","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0497152","article-title":"Chemical composition and mosquito larvicidal activity of essential oils from leaves of different Cinnamomum osmophloeum provenances","volume":"52","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0012","first-page":"348","article-title":"Repellent activities of essential oils and monoterpenes against Culex pipiens pallens","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/22.3.237","article-title":"Insect repellents: concepts of their mode of action relative to potential sensory mechanisms in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"22","author":"Davis","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b17407","volume-title":"Insect repellents handbook","author":"Debboun","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82103","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082103","article-title":"Repellent, irritant and toxic effects of 20 plant extracts on adults of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae mosquito","volume":"8","author":"Deletre","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011699","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites","volume":"347","author":"Fradin","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0017","author":"Gates","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.04.066","article-title":"Mosquito repellent activity of essential oils of aromatic plants growing in Argentina","volume":"99","author":"Gillij","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e938","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.938","article-title":"Blood serum and BSA, but neither red blood cells nor hemoglobin can support vitellogenesis and egg production in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti","volume":"3","author":"Gonzales","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.323","article-title":"Short report: The safety and toxicity of insect repellents","volume":"59","author":"Goodyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00103","article-title":"Four-way regulation of mosquito yolk protein precursor genes by juvenile hormone-, ecdysone-, nutrient-, and insulin-like peptide signaling pathways","volume":"5","author":"Hansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4021","article-title":"Seasonal variation in content, chemical composition and antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from four Mentha species","volume":"90","author":"Hussain","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3390\/v10080434","article-title":"Colonized Sabethes cyaneus, a Sylvatic New World mosquito species, shows a low vector competence for Zika virus relative to Aedes aegypti","volume":"10","author":"Karna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11127","article-title":"Toxicity and synergic repellency of plant essential oil mixtures with vanillin against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0025","first-page":"63","article-title":"Essential oils as green pesticides: potential and constraints","volume":"4","author":"Koul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biopestic Int"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08347","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08347","article-title":"The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus","volume":"4","author":"Kraemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.02.019","article-title":"Insecticidal properties of Mentha species: a review","volume":"34","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60001-4","article-title":"Bioefficacy of Mentha piperita essential oil against dengue fever mosquito Aedes aegypti L","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10152","article-title":"Early history of laboratory breeding of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) focusing on the origins and use of selected strains","volume":"47","author":"Kuno","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6860271","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6860271","article-title":"Essential Oils as Repellents against Arthropods","volume":"2018","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0031","first-page":"293","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of 3% citronella candles and 5% citronella incense for protection against field populations of Aedes mosquitoes","volume":"12","author":"Lindsay","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0032","first-page":"975","article-title":"Carcinogen roulette: the game played under FIFRA","volume":"49","author":"Lolley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Md. L. Rev"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-S1-S11","article-title":"Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy, development and testing","volume":"10","author":"Maia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar. J"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0034","first-page":"3","article-title":"History of insect repellents,","volume-title":"Insect repellents: principles, methods and uses","author":"Moore","year":"2007"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.4.624","article-title":"Field evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellents and fumigants against the malaria vector Anopheles darlingi in Riberalta, Bolivian Amazon","volume":"44","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5151","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5151","article-title":"An online survey of personal mosquito-repellent strategies","volume":"6","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4308054","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4308054","article-title":"Safety of natural insecticides: toxic effects on experimental animals","volume":"2018","author":"Mossa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2008)24[150:IPAMAS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Indoor protection against mosquito and sand fly bites: a comparison between citronella, linalool, and geraniol candles","volume":"24","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2009.00002.x","article-title":"Efficacy of the botanical repellents geraniol, linalool, and citronella against mosquitoes","volume":"34","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw129","article-title":"Evaluation of clove oil, icaridin, and transfluthrin for spatial repellent effects in three tests systems against the Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"54","author":"Nentwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.07.048","article-title":"Repellent activity of essential oils: a review","volume":"101","author":"Nerio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1270723","article-title":"Patent literature on mosquito repellent inventions which contain plant essential oils\u2013a review","volume":"77","author":"Pohlit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2005.01.007","article-title":"Insecticidal, repellent and oviposition-deterrent activity of selected essential oils against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus","volume":"96","author":"Prajapati","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-283X.2005.00544.x","article-title":"A double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of garlic as a mosquito repellant: a preliminary study","volume":"19","author":"Rajan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.10.009","article-title":"Evaluation of commercial products for personal protection against mosquitoes","volume":"125","author":"Revay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/iev125","article-title":"The efficacy of some commercially available insect repellents for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"15","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Insect. Sci"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/iew117","article-title":"Efficacy of some wearable devices compared with spray-on insect repellents for the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.)(Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"17","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0701.010103","article-title":"Pesticides and public health: integrated methods of mosquito management","volume":"7","author":"Rose","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-474X(96)00032-X","article-title":"Plant oils as fumigants and contact insecticides for the control of stored-product insects","volume":"33","author":"Shaaya","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22010070","article-title":"Biological activities of essential oils: from plant chemoecology to traditional healing systems","volume":"22","author":"Sharifi-Rad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1603\/EC14328","article-title":"Potential of essential oil-based pesticides and detergents for bed bug control","volume":"107","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.4.691","article-title":"Piperitenone oxide as toxic, repellent, and reproduction retardant toward malarial vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Anophelinae)","volume":"41","author":"Tripathi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1637","article-title":"Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites","volume":"19","author":"Trongtokit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytother. Res"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1675","article-title":"Larvicidal and oviposition-altering activity of monoterpenoids, trans-anithole and rosemary oil to the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"65","author":"Waliwitiya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0055","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0056","volume-title":"A global brief on vector-borne diseases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0057","first-page":"52","article-title":"The Malaria Research and Reference Reagent Resource (MR4) Center\u2013creating African opportunities","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci"},{"key":"2019101506084987900_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2006)22[126:LEOIRA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of 21 insect repellents as larvicides and as oviposition deterrents of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"22","author":"Xue","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jme\/tjz178\/30098896\/tjz178.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jme\/tjz178\/30098896\/tjz178.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,24]],"date-time":"2021-01-24T21:22:22Z","timestamp":1611523342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/jme\/tjz178\/5580737"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"William","family":"Reisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"references-count":59,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjz178","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2585","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"article-number":"tjz178"}}