{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T05:40:02Z","timestamp":1775281202971,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]],"date-time":"2020-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007579","name":"Auburn University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The Simulium damnosum Theobald complex transmits Onchocerca volvulus Leuckart (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), the causative agent of onchocerciasis. Recent evidence suggests that control efforts have strongly suppressed parasite populations, but vector surveillance is needed in parts of Africa where the disease remains endemic. Here, studies on biting rates and infectivity status of suspected vector species were conducted in three onchocerciasis-endemic areas, namely Iwo, Ede, and Obokun, in Osun State, Nigeria. A total of 3,035 black flies were collected between October 2014 and September 2016, and examined for parity and parasites using standard methods. A separate collection of 2,000 black flies was pool-screened for infectivity using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the O-150 marker. Results showed that parous flies were significantly less common than nulliparous flies with overall parous rates of 8.02% in Iwo and 35.38% in Ede at the end of the study period. Obokun had a parous rate of 22.22% obtained in the first year only. None of the dissected parous flies were infected with O. volvulus and PCR assays showed no amplification of O-150 O. volvulus-specific repeats in head and body pools. However, annual biting rates exceeded the World Health Organization threshold of 1,000 bites\/person\/yr. Thus it appears that, with such high rates of biting, even low levels of vector infection can sustain onchocerciasis in African communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]],"date-time":"2020-01-04T14:37:51Z","timestamp":1578148671000},"page":"901-907","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Biting Rates and Onchocerca Infectivity Status of Black Flies from the Simulium damnosum Complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Osun State, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Linda C","family":"Oforka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, 101017, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monsuru A","family":"Adeleke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Osun State University, P.M.B 4494, Osogbo, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph C","family":"Anikwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, 101017, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nate B","family":"Hardy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derrick K","family":"Mathias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winifred A","family":"Makanjuola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, 101017, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry Y","family":"Fadamiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050411483185600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-93","article-title":"Biting behaviour of Simulium damnosum complex and Onchocerca volvulus infection along Osun River, southwest Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Adeleke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit. 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Evol"},{"key":"2020050411483185600_CIT0004","author":"APOC (African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control).","year":"2008"},{"key":"2020050411483185600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00104-2","article-title":"Knowledge and beliefs about causes, transmission, treatment and control of human onchocerciasis in rural communities in south western Nigeria","volume":"76","author":"Awolola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2020050411483185600_CIT0006","first-page":"2","article-title":"A review of Simulium damnosum s.l and human onchocerciasis in Nigeria, with special reference to geographical distribution and development of a Nigerian National control campaign","volume":"32","author":"Crosskey","year":"1981","journal-title":"Tropenmed. 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Report WHO\/HTM\/NTD\/PCT\/2016.1","author":"WHO (World Health Organization).","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020050411483185600_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.124","article-title":"Pool screening Polymerase Chain Reaction for estimating the prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus infection in Simulium damnosum s.l: results of a field trial in an area subject to successful vector control","volume":"60","author":"Yameogo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. 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