{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:25:25Z","timestamp":1787009125749,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP-BPA-12-H-0024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP-BPA-12-H-0024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200-2016-M-91768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200-2016-M-91768"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200-2018-M-00751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200-2018-M-00751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U50CK000204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U50CK000204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU50CK000490-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU50CK000490-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the United States, and the number of cases reported each year continues to rise. The complex nature of the relationships between the pathogen (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto), the tick vector (Ixodes scapularis Say), multiple vertebrate hosts, and numerous environmental factors creates challenges for understanding and predicting tick population and pathogen transmission dynamics. LYMESIM is a mechanistic model developed in the late 1990s to simulate the life-history of I. scapularis and transmission dynamics of B. burgdorferi s.s. Here we present LYMESIM 2.0, a modernized version of LYMESIM, that includes several modifications to enhance the biological realism of the model and to generate outcomes that are more readily measured under field conditions. The model is tested for three geographically distinct locations in New York, Minnesota, and Virginia. Model-simulated timing and densities of questing nymphs, infected nymphs, and abundances of nymphs feeding on hosts are consistent with field observations and reports for these locations. Sensitivity analysis highlighted the importance of temperature in host finding for the density of nymphs, the importance of transmission from small mammals to ticks on the density of infected nymphs, and temperature-related tick survival for both density of nymphs and infected nymphs. A key challenge for accurate modeling of these metrics is the need for regionally representative inputs for host populations and their fluctuations. LYMESIM 2.0 is a useful public health tool that downstream can be used to evaluate tick control interventions and can be adapted for other ticks and pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T21:18:21Z","timestamp":1580419101000},"page":"715-727","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["LYMESIM 2.0: An Updated Simulation of Blacklegged Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) Population Dynamics and Enzootic Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4034-2684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Gaff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA"},{"name":"School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J","family":"Eisen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Eisen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Nadolny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Bjork","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Monaghan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Computing, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002916","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002916","article-title":"Spartan: a comprehensive tool for understanding uncertainty in simulations of biological systems","volume":"9","author":"Alden","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for Lyme disease\u2013United States, 1992-2006","volume":"57","author":"Bacon","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR. Surveill. Summ"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2002.058","article-title":"Nymphal diapause and its photoperiodic control in the tick Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"49","author":"Belozerov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol. (Praha)"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10060","article-title":"Regional variation in immature Ixodes scapularis parasitism on North American songbirds: implications for transmission of the Lyme pathogen, Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"48","author":"Brinkerhoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1890\/090062","article-title":"Do birds affect Lyme disease risk&quest; Range expansion of the vector-borne pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"9","author":"Brinkerhoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.615","article-title":"A modest model explains the distribution and abundance of Borrelia burgdorferi strains","volume":"74","author":"Brisson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.1208","article-title":"Conspicuous impacts of inconspicuous hosts on the Lyme disease epidemic","volume":"275","author":"Brisson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.1.139","article-title":"Estimating reservoir competence of Borrelia burgdorferi hosts: prevalence and infectivity, sensitivity, and specificity","volume":"45","author":"Brunner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3376\/1081-1710(2006)31[364:APEFAP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Assessing peridomestic entomological factors as predictors for Lyme disease","volume":"31","author":"Connally","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.4.671","article-title":"Computer simulation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever transmission by the American dog tick (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"27","author":"Cooksey","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0011","first-page":"D22","article-title":"Real-time and retrospective forcing in the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) project","volume":"108","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00526.x","article-title":"Field and climate-based model for predicting the density of host-seeking nymphal Ixodes scapularis, an important vector of tick-borne disease agents in the eastern United States","volume":"19","author":"Diuk-Wasser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Biogeogr"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.36.92","article-title":"Reservoir competence of white-footed mice for Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"36","author":"Donahue","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.01.002","article-title":"Pathogen transmission in relation to duration of attachment by Ixodes scapularis ticks","volume":"9","author":"Eisen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw103","article-title":"Evidence for personal protective measures to reduce human contact with blacklegged ticks and for environmentally based control methods to suppress host-seeking blacklegged ticks and reduce infection with Lyme disease spirochetes in tick vectors and rodent reservoirs","volume":"53","author":"Eisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.12.006","article-title":"The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis: an increasing public health concern","volume":"34","author":"Eisen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv237","article-title":"County-scale distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Continental United States","volume":"53","author":"Eisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12153","article-title":"Abundance and infection rates of Ixodes scapularis nymphs collected from residential properties in Lyme disease-endemic areas of Connecticut, Maryland, and New York","volume":"40","author":"Feldman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.36019\/9780813556031-004","article-title":"Population ecology of Ixodes dammini,","volume-title":"Ecology and environmental management of lyme disease","author":"Fish","year":"1993"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02633-08","article-title":"Climate and tick seasonality are predictors of Borrelia burgdorferi genotype distribution","volume":"75","author":"Gatewood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1139\/z00-162","article-title":"Modeling the role of songbirds and rodents in the ecology of Lyme disease","volume":"78","author":"Giardina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2005)042[0445:RCONNA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Reservoir competence of native North American birds for the lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorfieri","volume":"42","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0023","first-page":"511","article-title":"The role of lizards in the ecology of Lyme disease in two endemic zones of the northeastern United States","author":"Glery","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Parasitol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/29.3.501","article-title":"Ecological studies of adult Ixodes scapularis in central Mississippi: questing activity in relation to time of year, vegetation type, and meteorologic conditions","volume":"29","author":"Goddard","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tju005","article-title":"Comparison of tick feeding success and vector competence for Borrelia burgdorferi among immature Ixodes scapularis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) of both Southern and Northern Clades","volume":"52","author":"Goddard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/24.3.356","article-title":"Computer simulation of population dynamics of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"24","author":"Haile","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2018.09.005","article-title":"A spatial agent-based model of the disease vector Ixodes scapularis to explore host-tick associations","volume":"387","author":"Halsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.11.004","article-title":"Synchronous phenology of juvenile Ixodes scapularis, vertebrate host relationships, and associated patterns of Borrelia burgdorferi ribotypes in the midwestern United States","volume":"3","author":"Hamer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.02.014","article-title":"Vertical transmission rates of Borrelia miyamotoi in Ixodes scapularis collected from white-tailed deer","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1204.051016","article-title":"Epidemic spread of Lyme borreliosis, northeastern United States","volume":"12","author":"Hanincov\u00e1","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/00124784-199905000-00012","article-title":"Assessing the prevention effectiveness of local Lyme disease control","volume":"5","author":"Hayes","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Public Health Manag. Pract"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.3934\/dcdsb.2014.19.3147","article-title":"Range expansion of Ixodes scapularis ticks and of Borrelia burgdorferi by migratory birds","volume":"19","author":"Heffernan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Discrete Continuous Dyn. Syst. Ser. B"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.5.922","article-title":"Sublethal effects of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes) on engorged larval, nymphal, and adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"41","author":"Hornbostel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.10.013","article-title":"High burdens of Ixodes scapularis larval ticks on white-tailed deer may limit Lyme disease risk in a low biodiversity setting","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.07.009","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of seven human pathogens in host-seeking Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs in Minnesota, USA","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.5.752","article-title":"Effects of reduced deer density on the abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and Lyme disease incidence in a northern New Jersey endemic area","volume":"44","author":"Jordan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13232","article-title":"The relationship between deer density, tick abundance, and human cases of Lyme disease in a residential community","volume":"51","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009145","article-title":"Spatial analysis of the distribution of Lyme disease in Wisconsin","volume":"145","author":"Kitron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2108.141878","article-title":"Geographic distribution and expansion of human lyme disease, United States","volume":"21","author":"Kugeler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130556","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0556","article-title":"Accelerated phenology of blacklegged ticks under climate warming","volume":"370","author":"Levi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2307\/3284526","article-title":"Density-dependent factors regulating feeding success of Ixodes scapularis larvae (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"84","author":"Levin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Parasitol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/15303660260613693","article-title":"Comparison of the reservoir competence of medium-sized mammals and Peromyscus leucopus for Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Connecticut","volume":"2","author":"Levin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39612","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039612","article-title":"Consequences of landscape fragmentation on Lyme disease risk: a cellular automata approach","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0233733100","article-title":"The ecology of infectious disease: effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk","volume":"100","author":"LoGiudice","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.11.017","article-title":"An immunocompromised mouse model to infect Ixodes scapularis ticks with the relapsing fever spirochete, Borrelia miyamotoi","volume":"10","author":"Lynn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.04.011","article-title":"A methodology for performing global uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in systems biology","volume":"254","author":"Marino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.5.804","article-title":"Reservoir competence of the meadow vole (Rodentia: Cricetidae) for the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"35","author":"Markowski","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008879","article-title":"Entomologic index for human risk of Lyme disease","volume":"144","author":"Mather","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.010","article-title":"Epidemiology of Lyme disease","volume":"29","author":"Mead","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0180","article-title":"Meteorological influences on the seasonality of Lyme disease in the United States","volume":"90","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.4.461","article-title":"Simulation of blacklegged tick (Acari:Ixodidae) population dynamics and transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"34","author":"Mount","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.6.672","article-title":"Simulation of management strategies for the blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae) and the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"34","author":"Mount","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/28.2.223","article-title":"Computer simulation of Boophilus cattle tick (Acari: Ixodidae) population dynamics","volume":"28","author":"Mount","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.5.843","article-title":"New version of LSTSIM for computer simulation of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) population dynamics","volume":"30","author":"Mount","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-32.2.300","article-title":"Experimental infection of the raccoon (Procyon lotor) with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"32","author":"Norris","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.4.622","article-title":"Investigation of relationships between temperature and developmental rates of tick Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the laboratory and field","volume":"41","author":"Ogden","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.12.013","article-title":"A dynamic population model to investigate effects of climate on geographic range and seasonality of the tick Ixodes scapularis","volume":"35","author":"Ogden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.08.016","article-title":"Climate change and the potential for range expansion of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in Canada","volume":"36","author":"Ogden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01982-07","article-title":"Role of migratory birds in introduction and range expansion of Ixodes scapularis ticks and of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Canada","volume":"74","author":"Ogden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2386","article-title":"Tick-borne disease risk in a forest food web","volume":"99","author":"Ostfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0630","article-title":"Geographic variation in the relationship between human Lyme disease incidence and density of infected host-seeking Ixodes scapularis nymphs in the Eastern United States","volume":"86","author":"Pepin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1603\/0046-225X-35.2.308","article-title":"Habitat structure associated with Borrelia burgdorferi prevalence in small mammals in New York State","volume":"35","author":"Prusinski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0063","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team.","year":"2008"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.3.270","article-title":"Participation of birds (Aves) in the emergence of Lyme disease in southern Maine","volume":"35","author":"Rand","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004004925","article-title":"Tick ecology: processes and patterns behind the epidemiological risk posed by ixodid ticks as vectors","volume":"129","author":"Randolph","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.06.008","article-title":"Transovarial transmission of Borrelia spirochetes by Ixodes scapularis: a summary of the literature and recent observations","volume":"4","author":"Rollend","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1645\/14-503.1","article-title":"Minimal role of eastern fence lizards in Borrelia burgdorferi transmission in central New Jersey oak\/pine woodlands","volume":"100","author":"Rulison","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Parasitol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(05)80621-6","article-title":"A comprehensive multiple matrix model representing the life cycle of the tick that transmits the agent of Lyme disease","volume":"157","author":"Sandberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6622a1","article-title":"Surveillance for lyme disease - United States, 2008-2015","volume":"66","author":"Schwartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR. Surveill. Summ"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/153036601750137624","article-title":"A relapsing fever group spirochete transmitted by Ixodes scapularis ticks","volume":"1","author":"Scoles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.447","article-title":"Factors influencing the distribution of larval blacklegged ticks on rodent hosts","volume":"68","author":"Shaw","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0072","volume-title":"Biology of ticks. volume 1","author":"Sonenshine","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.5.1240-1244.1998","article-title":"Temporal correlations between tick abundance and prevalence of ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi and increasing incidence of Lyme disease","volume":"36","author":"Stafford","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0553-z","article-title":"Comparison of phenology and pathogen prevalence, including infection with the Ehrlichia muris-like (EML) agent, of Ixodes scapularis removed from soldiers in the midwestern and the northeastern United States over a 15 year period (1997-2012)","volume":"7","author":"Stromdahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.39.105","article-title":"Incompetence of deer as reservoirs of the Lyme disease spirochete","volume":"39","author":"Telford","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18159","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405763102","article-title":"An ecological approach to preventing human infection: vaccinating wild mouse reservoirs intervenes in the Lyme disease cycle","volume":"101","author":"Tsao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"2020050411481644700_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.2.196","article-title":"Duration and regulation of the developmental cycle of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"27","author":"Yuval","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/57\/3\/715\/33161914\/tjz252.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/57\/3\/715\/33161914\/tjz252.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T17:49:30Z","timestamp":1722361770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article\/57\/3\/715\/5718235"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Diuk-Wasser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjz252","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2585","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]]}}}