{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:59:39Z","timestamp":1791280779216,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]],"date-time":"2020-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt &amp; Brenner) (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) genomospecies, including the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), have been identified in the western United States. However, enzootic transmission of B. burgdorferi s.l. in small mammals and ticks is poorly characterized throughout much of the region. Here we report prevalence of B. burgdorferi s.l. in small mammal and tick communities in the understudied region of southern California. We found B. burgdorferi s.l. in 1.5% of Ixodes species ticks and 3.6% of small mammals. Infection was uncommon (~0.3%) in Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls (Acari: Ixodidae), the primary vector of the Lyme disease agent to humans in western North America, but a diversity of spirochetes\u2014including Borrelia bissettiae, Borrelia californiensis, Borrelia americana, and B. burgdorferi s.s.\u2014were identified circulating in Ixodes species ticks and their small mammal hosts. Infection with B. burgdorferi s.l. is more common in coastal habitats, where a greater diversity of Ixodes species ticks are found feeding on small mammal hosts (four species when compared with only I. pacificus in other sampled habitats). This provides some preliminary evidence that in southern California, wetter coastal areas might be more favorable for enzootic transmission than hotter and drier climates. Infection patterns confirm that human transmission risk of B. burgdorferi s.s. is low in this region. However, given evidence for local maintenance of B. burgdorferi s.l., more studies of enzootic transmission may be warranted, particularly in understudied regions where the tick vector of B. burgdorferi s.s. occurs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T14:08:57Z","timestamp":1579183737000},"page":"1293-1300","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Circulation of Tick-Borne Spirochetes in Tick and Small Mammal Communities in Santa Barbara County, California, USA"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0172-7749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara B","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry E","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Swei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.01260.x","article-title":"Effect of forest fragmentation on Lyme disease risk","volume":"17","author":"Allan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0127450","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127450","article-title":"Different populations of blacklegged tick nymphs exhibit differences in questing behavior that have implications for human lyme disease risk","volume":"10","author":"Arsnoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.01.001","article-title":"Nymphal Ixodes scapularis questing behavior explains geographic variation in Lyme borreliosis risk in the eastern United States","volume":"10","author":"Arsnoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-017-0142-7","article-title":"The allocation of time and risk of Lyme: a case of ecosystem service income and substitution effects","volume":"70","author":"Berry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Resour. Econ. (Dordr)"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0251-9","article-title":"Forest fragmentation predicts local scale heterogeneity of Lyme disease risk","volume":"146","author":"Brownstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv199","article-title":"Linkages of weather and climate with Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae), enzootic transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, and Lyme disease in North America","volume":"53","author":"Eisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0007","first-page":"42","article-title":"Modeling climate suitability of the western blacklegged tick in California","volume":"22","author":"Eisen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.07.015","article-title":"Remarkable diversity of tick or mammalian-associated Borreliae in the metropolitan San Francisco Bay Area, California","volume":"5","author":"Fedorova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150066","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2015.66","article-title":"The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations\u2013a new environmental record for monitoring extremes","volume":"2","author":"Funk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0010","first-page":"25","volume-title":"The ticks of California: Acari: Ixodida. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey","author":"Furman","year":"1984"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01689-10","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi and detection of B. bissettii-like DNA in serum of north-coastal California residents","volume":"49","author":"Girard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","article-title":"Google earth engine: planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone","volume":"202","author":"Gorelick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0117","article-title":"Lyme disease ecology in a changing world: consensus, uncertainty and critical gaps for improving control","volume":"372","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2108.141878","article-title":"Geographic distribution and expansion of human Lyme disease, United States","volume":"21","author":"Kugeler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.180771","article-title":"Lyme disease emergence after invasion of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, Ontario, Canada, 2010\u20132016","volume":"25","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/28.3.299","article-title":"Wood rats and kangaroo rats: potential reservoirs of the Lyme disease spirochete in California","volume":"28","author":"Lane","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2307\/3284524","article-title":"Borreliacidal factor in the blood of the western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis)","volume":"84","author":"Lane","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Parasitol"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.2.239","article-title":"Human behaviors elevating exposure to Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs and their associated bacterial zoonotic agents in a hardwood forest","volume":"41","author":"Lane","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.02.005","article-title":"Eco-epidemiological factors contributing to the low risk of human exposure to ixodid tick-borne borreliae in southern California, USA","volume":"4","author":"Lane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0181","article-title":"Lyme disease risk influences human settlement in the wildland-urban interface: evidence from a longitudinal analysis of counties in the northeastern United States","volume":"91","author":"Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0201665","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201665","article-title":"Abiotic and habitat drivers of tick vector abundance, diversity, phenology and human encounter risk in southern California","volume":"13","author":"MacDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.10.016","article-title":"Truncated seasonal activity patterns of the western blacklegged tick (Ixodes pacificus) in central and southern California","volume":"7","author":"MacDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1938-y","article-title":"Lyme disease risk in southern California: abiotic and environmental drivers of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) density and infection prevalence with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"10","author":"MacDonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02227\u201320","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2227","article-title":"Risk of vector tick exposure initially increases, then declines through time in response to wildfire in California","volume":"9","author":"MacDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13289","article-title":"Missing the people for the trees: Identifying coupled natural-human system feedbacks driving the ecology of Lyme disease","volume":"56","author":"MacDonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13490","article-title":"Tracking seasonal activity of the western blacklegged tick across California","volume":"56","author":"MacDonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.000897","article-title":"Borrelia bissettiae sp. nov. and Borrelia californiensis sp. nov. prevail in diverse enzootic transmission cycles","volume":"66","author":"Margos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0028","article-title":"Estimating the public health burden of Lyme disease in the United States","author":"Mead","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-1","article-title":"Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe","volume":"6","author":"Medlock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307799","article-title":"Estimated effects of projected climate change on the basic reproductive number of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis","volume":"122","author":"Ogden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12018","article-title":"Temperature-driven shifts in a host-parasite interaction drive nonlinear changes in disease risk","volume":"18","author":"Paull","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0214726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214726","article-title":"Phylogeography of Borrelia spirochetes in Ixodes pacificus and Ixodes spinipalpis ticks highlights differential acarological risk of tick-borne disease transmission in northern versus southern California","volume":"14","author":"Rose","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2003.130668","article-title":"Tick-borne pathogens in northwestern California, USA","volume":"20","author":"Salkeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.06.004","article-title":"Time of year and outdoor recreation affect human exposure to ticks in California, United States","volume":"10","author":"Salkeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21681","article-title":"The emergence of Lyme disease","volume":"113","author":"Steere","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2127","article-title":"Brave new worlds: the expanding universe of Lyme disease","volume":"17","author":"Stone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0140-y","article-title":"Increasing precipitation volatility in twenty-first- century California","volume":"8","author":"Swain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0783","article-title":"Impacts of an introduced forest pathogen on the risk of Lyme disease in California","volume":"12","author":"Swei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.2307\/3285817","article-title":"Variation in the density of questing Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs infected with Borrelia burgdorferi at different spatial scales in California","volume":"85","author":"T\u00e4lleklint-Eisen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Parasitol"},{"key":"2020083106121156400_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1645\/17-83","article-title":"Introduced rats and an endemic roundworm: does rattus rattus contribute to Baylisascaris procyonis transmission in California?","volume":"103","author":"Weinstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/57\/4\/1293\/33700176\/tjz253.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/57\/4\/1293\/33700176\/tjz253.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T17:56:29Z","timestamp":1598896589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article\/57\/4\/1293\/5706836"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Holly","family":"Gaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjz253","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2585","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]}}}