{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T11:28:10Z","timestamp":1781954890433,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Solid-state batteries have potential to realize a rechargeable Li-metal anode. However, several challenges persist in the charging and discharging processes of the Li-metal anode, which require a fundamental understanding of Li plating and stripping across the interface of solid-state electrolytes (SEs) to address. This review overviews studies on Li-metal anodes in solid-state batteries using in situ observation techniques with an emphasis on Li electrodeposition and dissolution using scanning electron microscopy and SEs such as lithium phosphorus oxynitride and garnet-type compounds such as Li7La3Zr2O12. The previous research is categorized into three topics: (i) Li nucleation, growth and dissolution at the anode-free interface, (ii) electrochemical reduction of SE and (iii) short-circuit phenomena in SE. The current trends of each topic are summarized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfad058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T06:02:38Z","timestamp":1701756158000},"page":"184-195","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["<i>In situ<\/i> microscopy techniques for\u00a0understanding Li plating and\u00a0stripping in\u00a0solid-state batteries"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Munekazu","family":"Motoyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyushu University Platform of Inter-\/Transdisciplinary Energy Research, Kyushu University , 6-1, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024040904503815700_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-210-569","article-title":"Thin film amorphous electrolytes: the Li2O-SiO2-P2O5 system","volume":"210","author":"Bates","year":"1990","journal-title":"MRS Online Proc. Lib."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1993.tb05317.x","article-title":"Deposition and\u00a0characterization of\u00a0Li2O-SiO2-P2O5 thin films","volume":"76","author":"Bates","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2738(92)90442-R","article-title":"Electrical properties of\u00a0amorphous lithium electrolyte thin films","volume":"53\u201356","author":"Bates","year":"1992","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7753(93)80106-Y","article-title":"Fabrication and\u00a0characterization of\u00a0amorphous lithium electrolyte thin films and\u00a0rechargeable thin-film batteries","volume":"43","author":"Bates","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1006\/jssc.1995.1140","article-title":"Synthesis, crystal structure, and\u00a0ionic conductivity of\u00a0a polycrystalline lithium phosphorus oxynitride with the \u03b3-Li3PO4 structure","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2008.09.010","article-title":"ArF excimer laser deposition of\u00a0wide-band gap solid electrolytes for\u00a0thin film batteries","volume":"180","author":"Kuwata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1021\/nl5035896","article-title":"Negligible \u201cnegative space-charge layer effects\u201d at oxide-electrolyte\/electrode interfaces of\u00a0thin-film batteries","volume":"15","author":"Haruta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-016-1643-z","article-title":"Crystal structure analysis of\u00a0Li3PO4 powder prepared by wet chemical reaction and\u00a0solid-state reaction by using X-ray diffraction (XRD)","volume":"22","author":"Ayu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21199","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c02104","article-title":"Sputter-deposited amorphous Li3PO4 solid electrolyte films","volume":"7","author":"Ohnishi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1393226","article-title":"\u201cLithium-free\u201d thin-film battery with in\u00a0situ plated Li anode","volume":"147","author":"Neudecker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1837188","article-title":"Characterization of\u00a0thin-film rechargeable lithium batteries with lithium cobalt oxide cathodes","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2738(95)00076-I","article-title":"Application of\u00a0Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2 glass to the solid state secondary batteries","volume":"79","author":"Iwamoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A688","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1471540","article-title":"All-solid-state lithium battery with LiCo0.3Ni0.7O2 fine powder as cathode materials with an amorphous sulfide electrolyte","volume":"149","author":"Machida","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2738(01)00711-1","article-title":"Solid state lithium secondary batteries using an amorphous solid electrolyte in\u00a0the system (100\u2212x)(0.6Li2S\u00b70.4SiS2)\u00b7xLi4SiO4 obtained by mechanochemical synthesis","volume":"140","author":"Komiya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2481(03)00167-X","article-title":"All-solid-state Li\/S batteries with highly conductive glass-ceramic electrolytes","volume":"5","author":"Hayashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00685.x","article-title":"Preparation of\u00a0Li2S-P2S5 amorphous solid electrolytes by mechanical milling","volume":"84","author":"Hayashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3066","article-title":"A lithium superionic conductor","volume":"10","author":"Kamaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"K1","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1641042","article-title":"Batteries, 1977 to 2002","volume":"151","author":"Brodd","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(01)00601-2","article-title":"The role of\u00a0lithium batteries in\u00a0modern health care","volume":"97\u201398","author":"Holmes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nenergy.2016.30","article-title":"High-power all-solid-state batteries using sulfide superionic conductors","volume":"1","author":"Kato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/35104644","article-title":"Issues and\u00a0challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries","volume":"414","author":"Tarascon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-022-01070-1","article-title":"The effect of\u00a0climate risks on\u00a0the interactions between financial markets and\u00a0energy companies","volume":"7","author":"van Benthem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(00)00409-2","article-title":"Lithium ion cell safety","volume":"90","author":"Tobishima","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A396","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1850854","article-title":"The impact of\u00a0elastic deformation on\u00a0deposition kinetics at lithium\/polymer interfaces","volume":"152","author":"Monroe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.2109\/jcersj2.121.946","article-title":"Evaluation of\u00a0elastic modulus of\u00a0Li2S-P2S5 glassy solid electrolyte by ultrasonic sound velocity measurement and\u00a0compression test","volume":"121","author":"Sakuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.5b04082","article-title":"Interface stability in\u00a0solid-state batteries","volume":"28","author":"Richards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23685","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b07517","article-title":"Origin of\u00a0outstanding stability in\u00a0the lithium solid electrolyte materials: insights from thermodynamic analyses based on\u00a0first-principles calculations","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA08574H","article-title":"First principles study on\u00a0electrochemical and\u00a0chemical stability of\u00a0solid electrolyte-electrode interfaces in\u00a0all-solid-state Li-ion batteries","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.1c00228","article-title":"First-principles prediction of\u00a0the electrochemical stability and\u00a0reaction mechanisms of\u00a0solid-state electrolytes","volume":"1","author":"Schwietert","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2014.10.017","article-title":"Interface reactions between LiPON and\u00a0lithium studied by in-situ X-ray photoemission","volume":"273","author":"Schw\u00f6bel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.04.005","article-title":"Interfacial instability of\u00a0amorphous LiPON against lithium: a combined density functional theory and\u00a0spectroscopic study","volume":"354","author":"Sicolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7778","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200701144","article-title":"Fast lithium ion conduction in\u00a0garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12","volume":"46","author":"Murugan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201803075","article-title":"Solid halide electrolytes with high lithium-ion conductivity for\u00a0application in\u00a04 V class bulk-type all-solid-state batteries","volume":"30","author":"Asano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2020.115298","article-title":"Room temperature synthesis of\u00a0anti-perovskite structured Li2OHBr","volume":"349","author":"Sugumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12581","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.1c01190","article-title":"Room temperature operation and\u00a0high cycle stability of\u00a0an all-solid-state lithium battery fabricated by cold pressing using soft Li2OHBr solid electrolyte","volume":"35","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L167","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1837713","article-title":"Electrolytic stability limit and\u00a0rapid lithium insertion in\u00a0the fast-ion-conducting Li0.29La0.57TiO3 perovskite-type compound","volume":"144","author":"Birke","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4414","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200907319","article-title":"Dynamic visualization of\u00a0the electric potential in\u00a0an all-solid-state rechargeable lithium battery","volume":"49","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19968","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b03053","article-title":"Guidelines for\u00a0all-solid-state battery design and\u00a0electrode buffer layers based on\u00a0chemical potential profile calculation","volume":"11","author":"Nakamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D431","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3187215","article-title":"Electrochemical deposition of\u00a0metallic nanowires as a scanning probe tip","volume":"156","author":"Motoyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1021\/nn4042305","article-title":"Nanotubular array solid oxide fuel cell","volume":"8","author":"Motoyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1021\/nn4066582","article-title":"Electrodeposition and\u00a0behavior of\u00a0single metal nanowire probes","volume":"8","author":"Motoyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7745","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00431","article-title":"Physicochemical concepts of\u00a0the lithium metal anode in\u00a0solid-state batteries","volume":"120","author":"Krauskopf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2013.01.051","article-title":"Effects of\u00a0current densities on\u00a0the lithium plating morphology at a lithium phosphorus oxynitride glass electrolyte\/copper thin film interface","volume":"233","author":"Sagane","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2022.07.020","article-title":"Understanding the electro-chemo-mechanics of\u00a0Li plating in\u00a0anode-free solid-state batteries with operando 3D microscopy","volume":"5","author":"Kazyak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b04518","article-title":"From microparticles to nanowires and\u00a0back: radical transformations in\u00a0plated Li metal morphology revealed via in\u00a0situ scanning electron microscopy","volume":"18","author":"Yulaev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2012.10.026","article-title":"In-situ scanning electron microscopy observations of\u00a0Li plating and\u00a0stripping reactions at the lithium phosphorus oxynitride glass electrolyte\/Cu interface","volume":"225","author":"Sagane","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.5796\/electrochemistry.82.364","article-title":"In-situ electron microscope observations of\u00a0electrochemical Li deposition\/dissolution with a LiPON electrolyte","volume":"82","author":"Motoyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochemistry"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A7067","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0051513jes","article-title":"Modeling the nucleation and\u00a0growth of\u00a0Li at metal current collector\/LiPON interfaces","volume":"162","author":"Motoyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c03438","article-title":"Elucidating interfacial stability between lithium metal anode and\u00a0Li phosphorus oxynitride via in situ electron microscopy","volume":"21","author":"Hood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2020.08.013","article-title":"Unveiling the stable nature of\u00a0the solid electrolyte interphase between lithium metal and\u00a0LiPON via cryogenic electron microscopy","volume":"4","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.8b00249","article-title":"Effect of\u00a0pore connectivity on\u00a0Li dendrite propagation within LLZO electrolytes observed with synchrotron X-ray tomography","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0438-9","article-title":"Critical stripping current leads to dendrite formation on\u00a0plating in\u00a0lithium anode solid electrolyte cells","volume":"18","author":"Kasemchainan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05970-4","article-title":"Dendrite initiation and\u00a0propagation in\u00a0lithium metal solid-state batteries","volume":"618","author":"Ning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5000","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c18314","article-title":"Visualization and\u00a0control of\u00a0chemically induced crack formation in\u00a0all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries with sulfide electrolyte","volume":"13","author":"Otoyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2013.09.024","article-title":"Interface behavior between garnet-type lithium-conducting solid electrolyte and\u00a0lithium metal","volume":"262","author":"Sudo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1021\/je049950g","article-title":"Vapor pressures of\u00a0propylene carbonate and\u00a0N,N-dimethylacetamide","volume":"50","author":"Nasirzadeh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.7b00578","article-title":"Vapor pressures and\u00a0thermophysical properties of\u00a0ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, \u03b3-valerolactone, and\u00a0\u03b3-butyrolactone","volume":"62","author":"Pokorn\u00fd","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.7b00295","article-title":"Vapor pressures and\u00a0thermophysical properties of\u00a0dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and\u00a0dipropyl carbonate","volume":"62","author":"Pokorn\u00fd","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfac028","article-title":"Reliable electrochemical setup for\u00a0in situ observations with an atmospheric SEM","volume":"71","author":"Yoshida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microscopy"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfv003","article-title":"In situ SEM observation of\u00a0the Si negative electrode reaction in\u00a0an ionic-liquid-based lithium-ion secondary battery","volume":"64","author":"Tsuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microscopy"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A2699","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0321514jes","article-title":"Electrochemical deposition and\u00a0stripping behavior of\u00a0lithium metal across a rigid block copolymer electrolyte membrane","volume":"162","author":"Harry","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-004-0619-5","article-title":"Controlled electrochemical growth of\u00a0silver microwires","volume":"9","author":"Rohnke","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.02.008","article-title":"Li penetration in\u00a0ceramic solid electrolytes: operando microscopy analysis of\u00a0morphology, propagation, and\u00a0reversibility","volume":"2","author":"Kazyak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2021.07.023","article-title":"In-situ optical observation of\u00a0Li growth in\u00a0garnet-type solid state electrolyte","volume":"41","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.add0510","article-title":"The void formation behaviors in\u00a0working solid-state Li metal batteries","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2021.04.016","article-title":"Operando analysis of\u00a0the molten Li|LLZO interface: understanding how the physical properties of\u00a0Li affect the critical current density","volume":"4","author":"Kinzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.8b02542","article-title":"Deposition and\u00a0confinement of\u00a0Li metal along an artificial Lipon\u2013Lipon interface","volume":"4","author":"Westover","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201701003","article-title":"Mechanism of\u00a0lithium metal penetration through inorganic solid electrolytes","volume":"7","author":"Porz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.11.041","article-title":"Mechanical failure of\u00a0garnet electrolytes during Li electrodeposition observed by in-operando microscopy","volume":"412","author":"Manalastas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A380","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1793771","article-title":"Local-probe studies of\u00a0degradation of\u00a0composite LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathodes in\u00a0high-power lithium-ion cells","volume":"7","author":"Kostecki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electrochem. Solid-State Lett."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1785","DOI":"10.1149\/2.061310jes","article-title":"Visualization of\u00a0the state-of-charge distribution in\u00a0a LiCoO2 cathode by in\u00a0situ Raman imaging","volume":"160","author":"Nishi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.03.055","article-title":"Cell design and\u00a0image analysis for\u00a0in situ Raman mapping of\u00a0inhomogeneous state-of-charge profiles in\u00a0lithium-ion batteries","volume":"352","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2018.04.023","article-title":"Optical microscopic observation of\u00a0graphite composite negative electrodes in\u00a0all-solid-state lithium batteries","volume":"323","author":"Otoyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c01063","article-title":"Rate limitations in\u00a0composite solid-state battery electrodes: revealing heterogeneity with operando microscopy","volume":"6","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.10.013","article-title":"Three-dimensional lithium mapping of\u00a0graphite anode using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy","volume":"293","author":"Imashuku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.9b03456","article-title":"Operando confocal microscopy for\u00a0dynamic changes of\u00a0Li+ ion conduction path in\u00a0graphite electrode layers of\u00a0all-solid-state batteries","volume":"11","author":"Otoyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18600","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp51059j","article-title":"In situ SEM study of\u00a0a lithium deposition and\u00a0dissolution mechanism in\u00a0a bulk-type solid-state cell with a Li2S\u2013P2S5 solid electrolyte","volume":"15","author":"Nagao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20552","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA03716B","article-title":"Insights into capacity loss mechanisms of\u00a0all-solid-state Li-ion batteries with Al anodes","volume":"2","author":"Leite","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1338","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0411807jes","article-title":"In situ scanning electron microscope observations of\u00a0Li plating\/stripping reactions with Pt current collectors on\u00a0LiPON electrolyte","volume":"165","author":"Motoyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2016.02.034","article-title":"Reduction of\u00a0charge-transfer resistance at the solid electrolyte-electrode interface by pulsed laser deposition of\u00a0films from a crystalline Li2PO2N source","volume":"312","author":"West","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2013.05.006","article-title":"Electrochemical properties of\u00a0an all-solid-state lithium-ion battery with an in-situ formed electrode material grown from a lithium conductive glass ceramics sheet","volume":"241","author":"Amiki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2019.04.003","article-title":"Freestanding all-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries with in-situ formed positive electrodes","volume":"337","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R83","article-title":"Cu-Li (copper-lithium)","volume":"32","author":"Okamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phase Equilib. Diffus."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.calphad.2008.10.006","article-title":"Thermodynamic evaluation of\u00a0Cu-Li phase diagram from EMF measurements and\u00a0DTA study","volume":"33","author":"G\u0105sior","year":"2009","journal-title":"CALPHAD: Comput. Coupling Ph. Diagr. Thermochem."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.5796\/electrochemistry.71.1120","article-title":"Measurement of\u00a0Li diffusion rate in\u00a0metal using a bipolar cell in\u00a0which a tungsten electrode is used to sense Li+ ion concentration","volume":"71","author":"Suzuki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electrochemistry"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5206","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.9b02014","article-title":"Lithium diffusion in\u00a0copper","volume":"10","author":"Rupp","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11444","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500207g","article-title":"Alloy negative electrodes for\u00a0Li-ion batteries","volume":"114","author":"Obrovac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202200491","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation and\u00a0improvement of\u00a0interfacial Li+ transfer between SiOx electrode and\u00a0garnet-type Ta-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 electrolyte","volume":"9","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R89","article-title":"Mechanical failure of\u00a0Cu current collector films affecting Li plating\/stripping cycles at Cu\/LiPON interfaces","volume":"170","author":"Motoyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38045","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c02354","article-title":"Temperature effects on\u00a0Li nucleation at Cu\/LiPON interfaces","volume":"12","author":"Motoyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2738(88)90394-3","article-title":"Effect of\u00a0a lithium alloy layer inserted between a lithium anode and\u00a0a solid electrolyte","volume":"28\u201330","author":"Hiratani","year":"1988","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2010.10.014","article-title":"Stabilizing lithium plating-stripping reaction between a lithium phosphorus oxynitride glass electrolyte and\u00a0copper thin film by platinum insertion","volume":"196","author":"Okita","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2016.01.068","article-title":"Enhancing utilization of\u00a0lithium metal electrodes in\u00a0all-solid-state batteries by interface modification with gold thin films","volume":"309","author":"Kato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201903993","article-title":"The role of\u00a0interlayer chemistry in\u00a0Li-metal growth through a garnet-type solid electrolyte","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2023.07.022","article-title":"Structural and\u00a0electrochemical evolution of\u00a0alloy interfacial layers in\u00a0anode-free solid-state batteries","volume":"7","author":"Sandoval","year":"2023","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(99)00124-X","article-title":"Lithium alloy negative electrodes","volume":"81\u201382","author":"Huggins","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nenergy.2016.10","article-title":"Selective deposition and\u00a0stable encapsulation of\u00a0lithium through heterogeneous seeded growth","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1039\/C3DT52024B","article-title":"Phase stability of\u00a0a garnet-type lithium ion conductor Li7La3Zr2O12","volume":"43","author":"Matsui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dalton. Trans."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2022.01.015","article-title":"Review of\u00a0modification strategies in\u00a0emerging inorganic solid-state electrolytes for\u00a0lithium, sodium, and\u00a0potassium batteries","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15357","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm31413d","article-title":"Optimizing Li+ conductivity in\u00a0a garnet framework","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.01.009","article-title":"Temperature effects on\u00a0cycling stability of\u00a0Li plating\/stripping on\u00a0Ta-doped Li7La3Zr2O12","volume":"343","author":"Yonemoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6720","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.9b01193","article-title":"The active interface of\u00a0Ta-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 for\u00a0Li plating\/stripping revealed by acid aqueous etching","volume":"2","author":"Motoyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.06.013","article-title":"Lithium-metal growth kinetics on\u00a0LLZO garnet-type solid electrolytes","volume":"3","author":"Krauskopf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202000945","article-title":"The fast charge transfer kinetics of\u00a0the lithium metal anode on\u00a0the garnet-type solid electrolyte Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12","volume":"10","author":"Krauskopf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.12261","article-title":"In situ observation of\u00a0Li deposition-induced cracking in\u00a0garnet solid electrolytes","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R106","article-title":"Enhancing the dendrite tolerance of\u00a0NaSICON electrolytes by suppressing edge growth of\u00a0Na electrode along ceramic surface","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-021-00786-w","article-title":"Semi-solid alkali metal electrodes enabling high critical current densities in\u00a0solid electrolyte batteries","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5978","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b17276","article-title":"Lithium expulsion from the solid-state electrolyte Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 by controlled electron injection in\u00a0a SEM","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfy018","article-title":"Electric shielding films for\u00a0biased TEM samples and\u00a0their application to in situ electron holography","volume":"67","author":"Nomura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microscopy"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201814669","article-title":"Direct observation of\u00a0a Li-ionic space-charge layer formed at an electrode\/solid-electrolyte interface","volume":"131","author":"Nomura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat944","article-title":"Dynamic microscopy of\u00a0nanoscale cluster growth at the solid-liquid interface","volume":"2","author":"Williamson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.161","article-title":"Electron microscopy of\u00a0specimens in\u00a0liquid","volume":"6","author":"De Jonge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2015.06.001","article-title":"Interphase formation on\u00a0lithium solid electrolytes\u2014an in\u00a0situ approach to study interfacial reactions by photoelectron spectroscopy","volume":"278","author":"Wenzel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7030","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b03223","article-title":"Interfacial stability of\u00a0Li metal-solid electrolyte elucidated via in\u00a0situ electron microscopy","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32732-z","article-title":"Visualizing the failure of\u00a0solid electrolyte under GPa-level interface stress induced by lithium eruption","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3760","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b01119","article-title":"In situ STEM-EELS observation of\u00a0nanoscale interfacial phenomena in\u00a0all-solid-state batteries","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfz036","article-title":"Application of\u00a0machine learning techniques to electron microscopic\/spectroscopic image data analysis","volume":"69","author":"Muto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microscopy"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-018-0312-z","article-title":"High electronic conductivity as the origin of\u00a0lithium dendrite formation within solid electrolytes","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.9b00816","article-title":"Visualizing chemomechanical degradation of\u00a0a solid-state battery electrolyte","volume":"4","author":"Tippens","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-00903-2","article-title":"Linking void and\u00a0interphase evolution to electrochemistry in\u00a0solid-state batteries using operando X-ray tomography","volume":"20","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2024040904503815700_R121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9534","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.0c02053","article-title":"Synchrotron imaging of\u00a0pore formation in\u00a0Li metal solid-state batteries aided by machine learning","volume":"3","author":"Dixit","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."}],"container-title":["Microscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmicro\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jmicro\/dfad058\/55654134\/dfad058.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmicro\/article-pdf\/73\/2\/184\/57186449\/dfad058.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmicro\/article-pdf\/73\/2\/184\/57186449\/dfad058.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T04:51:26Z","timestamp":1712638286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmicro\/article\/73\/2\/184\/7458743"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmicro\/dfad058","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-5698","2050-5701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-5698","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-5701","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]}}}