{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:48:49Z","timestamp":1791586129543,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"A Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["25K22680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K22680"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["24KK0165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24KK0165"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["23K18347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K18347"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["24K20047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K20047"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["24K23572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K23572"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["25K20391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K20391"]}]},{"name":"JST SPRING","award":["JPMJSP2119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2119"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Osteoporosis frequently presents with lower back pain, often accompanied by hypersensitivity, even in the absence of vertebral fractures, suggesting the involvement of central neuroinflammatory mechanisms. The activation of spinal glia has been implicated as a key driver of pain. Clinical and preclinical studies have also shown that teriparatide (TPTD), a bone anabolic drug, alleviates osteoporotic pain and raises the possibility of anti-neuroinflammatory effects. We previously reported that TPTD suppresses neuroinflammatory microglial proliferation in the spinal dorsal horn of an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. To further substantiate these previous findings, this study morphometrically investigated neuroinflammatory alterations in the same patho-pharmacological setting by establishing an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven morphometric pipeline applied to 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB)-stained bright-field images. OVX increased the number of microglia, induced process shortening and higher circularity and expanded glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytic areas. TPTD partially attenuated OVX-induced glial changes. These findings indicate that OVX induces spinal neuroinflammation involving both microglia and astrocytes and that TPTD mitigates these neuroinflammatory responses. Moreover, the combination of 2D bright-field imaging and AI-driven morphometry represents a practical, accessible approach that requires minimal specialized equipment, yet sensitively captures OVX- and TPTD-induced microglial alterations and enables phenotype-based classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfag018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T10:24:15Z","timestamp":1774088655000},"page":"377-389","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Teriparatide reduces spinal neuroinflammatory phenotypes in ovariectomized rats revealed by an artificial intelligence-driven glial cell morphometry of bright-field tissue sections"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Shinnosuke","family":"Nishimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7 , Sapporo 060-8586,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7 , Sapporo 060-8586,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruhisa","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7 , Sapporo 060-8586,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Hoshi-Numahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7 , Sapporo 060-8586,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7 , Sapporo 060-8586,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuko","family":"Nakanishi-Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7 , Sapporo 060-8586,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7 , Sapporo 060-8586,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoya","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation , 632-1 Mifuku , Izunokuni-shi, Shizuoka 410-2321,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Takakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Affairs Department, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation , 1-1-2 Yurakucho , Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8440,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoko","family":"Takao-Kawabata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation , 632-1 Mifuku , Izunokuni-shi, Shizuoka 410-2321,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7 , Sapporo 060-8586,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1431-0689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadahiro","family":"Iimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7 , Sapporo 060-8586,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X154097","article-title":"Skeletal pain in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: prevalence and course during raloxifene treatment in a prospective observational study of 6 months duration","volume":"22","author":"Scharla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B2","first-page":"2405","article-title":"Relationship of health related quality of life to prevalent and new or worsening back pain in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"32","author":"Silverman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650071213","article-title":"Osteoporosis and chronic back pain: a study with single-photon emission computed tomography bone scintigraphy","volume":"7","author":"Ryan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6302","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-16-06302.2000","article-title":"Mechanisms for ovariectomy-induced hyperalgesia and its relief by calcitonin: participation of 5-HT1A-like receptor on C-afferent terminals in substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord","volume":"20","author":"Ito","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12462","article-title":"The neurobiology of skeletal pain","volume":"39","author":"Mantyh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125S","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00285-L","article-title":"FDA guidelines and animal models for osteoporosis","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B7","first-page":"89","article-title":"Ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis: a practical guide","volume":"19","author":"Yousefzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62045-4","article-title":"Teriparatide relieves ovariectomy-induced hyperalgesia in rats, suggesting the involvement of functional regulation in primary sensory neurons by PTH-mediated signaling","volume":"10","author":"Tanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-014-0574-x","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of bisphosphonate on osteoclast function contributes to improved skeletal pain in ovariectomized mice","volume":"33","author":"Abe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.04.012","article-title":"Administration of estrogen shortly after ovariectomy mimics the anti-nociceptive action and change in 5-HT1A-like receptor expression induced by calcitonin in ovariectomized rats","volume":"35","author":"Ito","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94312","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094312","article-title":"Ovariectomy results in variable changes in nociception, mood and depression in adult female rats","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90631-0","article-title":"The response to analgesia testing is affected by gonadal steroids in the rat","volume":"45","author":"Forman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6633","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S330894","article-title":"The causal role of magnesium deficiency in the neuroinflammation, pain hypersensitivity and memory\/emotional deficits in ovariectomized and aged female mice","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22379","article-title":"Microglia and intractable chronic pain","volume":"61","author":"Tsuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4334","article-title":"Emerging targets in neuroinflammation-driven chronic pain","volume":"13","author":"Ji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.2","article-title":"Microglia in neuropathic pain: cellular and molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"19","author":"Inoue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4771","article-title":"Transcription factor IRF5 drives P2X4R+-reactive microglia gating neuropathic pain","volume":"5","author":"Masuda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.89","article-title":"Neuronal CCL21 up-regulates microglia P2X4 expression and initiates neuropathic pain development","volume":"30","author":"Biber","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00106","article-title":"Automated morphological analysis of microglia after stroke","volume":"12","author":"Heindl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-015-0039-0","article-title":"Shape descriptors of the \u201cnever resting\u201d microglia in three different acute brain injury models in mice","volume":"3","author":"Zanier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05815-6","article-title":"Automated characterisation of microglia in ageing mice using image processing and supervised machine learning algorithms","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642081","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/642081","article-title":"Regulation of neurotrophin-3 and interleukin-1beta and inhibition of spinal glial activation contribute to the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture in chronic neuropathic pain states of rats","volume":"2015","author":"Tu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat. Med."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3621","article-title":"Pathological pain and the neuroimmune interface","volume":"14","author":"Grace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9405","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0899-04.2004","article-title":"Neurotrophin-3 reverses chronic mechanical hyperalgesia induced by intramuscular acid injection","volume":"24","author":"Gandhi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0320204","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320204","article-title":"Unveiling CNS cell morphology with deep learning: a gateway to anti-inflammatory compound screening","volume":"20","author":"Bahng","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858409360822","article-title":"Glial cells and chronic pain","volume":"16","author":"Gosselin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104464","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020104464","article-title":"Astrocytic phagocytosis is a compensatory mechanism for microglial dysfunction","volume":"39","author":"Konishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96160-x","article-title":"Cholesterol metabolism and neuroinflammatory changes in a non-human primate spinal nerve ligation model","volume":"15","author":"Yamane","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.06.022","article-title":"Glia and pain: is chronic pain a gliopathy?","volume":"154(Suppl 1)","author":"Ji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxae023","article-title":"Quantifying microglial morphology: an insight into function","volume":"216","author":"Green","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31814","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031814","article-title":"An automated method to quantify microglia morphology and application to monitor activation state longitudinally in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Kozlowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211188","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2023.1211188","article-title":"Microglial morphometric analysis: so many options, so little consistency","volume":"17","author":"Reddaway","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00235","article-title":"Microglia morphological categorization in a rat model of neuroinflammation by hierarchical cluster and principal components analysis","volume":"11","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Arjona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101140","article-title":"Targeted therapy and deep learning insights into microglia modulation for spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Petillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today. Bio"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.139","article-title":"PTH receptor-1 signalling-mechanistic insights and therapeutic prospects","volume":"11","author":"Cheloha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00816","article-title":"Na(+)\/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor 2 directs parathyroid hormone 1 receptor signalling","volume":"417","author":"Mahon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1185\/030079905X49671","article-title":"The effects of teriparatide on the incidence of back pain in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"21","author":"Genant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B38","first-page":"1556","article-title":"Longterm reduction of back pain risk in women with osteoporosis treated with teriparatide compared with alendronate","volume":"32","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-009-9299-6","article-title":"Reduction in fracture rate and back pain and increased quality of life in postmenopausal women treated with teriparatide: 18-month data from the European Forsteo Observational Study (EFOS)","volume":"85","author":"Langdahl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-016-0143-5","article-title":"Fracture rate, quality of life and back pain in patients with osteoporosis treated with teriparatide: 24-month results from the extended forsteo observational study (ExFOS)","volume":"99","author":"Langdahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-2013-2","article-title":"Reduced risk of back pain following teriparatide treatment: a meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Nevitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0177-z","article-title":"Reduction in the risk of developing back pain persists at least 30 months after discontinuation of teriparatide treatment: a meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Nevitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-015-0026-1","article-title":"Early effects of single and Low-Frequency repeated administration of teriparatide, hPTH(1-34), on bone formation and resorption in ovariectomized rats","volume":"97","author":"Isogai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-015-0670-6","article-title":"Comparison of treatment effects of teriparatide and the bisphosphonate risedronate in an aged, osteopenic, ovariectomized rat model under various clinical conditions","volume":"34","author":"Sugie-Oya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2023.101720","article-title":"Evaluation of cortical bone remodeling in canines treated with daily and weekly administrations of teriparatide by establishing AI-driven morphometric analyses and GIS-based spatial mapping","volume":"19","author":"Hoshi-Numahata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20793-5","article-title":"Expansion of the osteocytic lacunar-canalicular system involved in pharmacological action of PTH revealed by AI-driven fluorescence morphometry in female rabbits","volume":"12","author":"Takakura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Establishment of artificial intelligence-driven fluorescence morphometry reveals involvement of osteocyte perilacunar remodeling specifically in mandibular bone of ovariectomized rats","volume":"2025","author":"Nakanishi-Kimura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microscopy (Oxf)"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2023.110861","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of microglia morphological changes in the hypothalamus of chronically stressed rats","volume":"206","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4949","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0323-08.2008","article-title":"P2Y12 receptors in spinal microglia are required for neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"28","author":"Tozaki-Saitoh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-025-02454-x","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis leads to cognitive decline through CNTF-mediated activation of microglia in mice","volume":"23","author":"Krishnapriya","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100342","article-title":"Stress induces microglia-associated synaptic circuit alterations in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00472","article-title":"Microglial morphometric parameters correlate with the expression level of IL-1beta, and allow identifying different activated morphotypes","volume":"13","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Arjona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858418783959","article-title":"Microglia-Astrocyte crosstalk: an intimate molecular conversation","volume":"25","author":"Jha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01416","article-title":"Crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia: an overview","volume":"11","author":"Matejuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2303809120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2303809120","article-title":"Astrocyte-targeting therapy rescues cognitive impairment caused by neuroinflammation via the Nrf2 pathway","volume":"120","author":"Nakano-Kobayashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.05.087","article-title":"Microglia are indispensable for synaptic plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn and chronic pain","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105555","article-title":"Structural and functional properties of spinal dorsal horn neurons after peripheral nerve injury change overtime via astrocyte activation","volume":"25","author":"Kurabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4000","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-20-2333","article-title":"Effect of teriparatide on pain relief, and quality of life in postmenopausal females with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, a retrospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B59","article-title":"3DMorph automatic analysis of microglial morphology in three dimensions from ex vivo and in vivo imaging","volume":"2018","author":"York","year":"2018","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B60","article-title":"Development of a high-throughput pipeline to characterize microglia morphological states at a single-cell resolution","volume":"2024","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008179","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008179","article-title":"Detection and segmentation of morphologically complex eukaryotic cells in fluorescence microscopy images via feature pyramid fusion","volume":"16","author":"Korfhage","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.06.060","article-title":"Three-dimensional study of Alzheimer\u2019s disease hallmarks using the iDISCO clearing method","volume":"16","author":"Liebmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4508","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054508","article-title":"A semi-automatic method for the quantification of astrocyte number and branching in bulk immunohistochemistry images","volume":"24","author":"Marques","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26698-7","article-title":"Automated detection of GFAP-labeled astrocytes in micrographs using YOLOv5","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00802","article-title":"Considerations for studying sex as a biological variable in spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14070484","article-title":"Male-dominant spinal microglia contribute to neuropathic pain by producing CC-chemokine ligand 4 following peripheral nerve injury","volume":"14","author":"Saika","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0850-z","article-title":"Regulation of microglial TMEM119 and P2RY12 immunoreactivity in multiple sclerosis white and grey matter lesions is dependent on their inflammatory environment","volume":"7","author":"van Wageningen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0270-3","article-title":"Malibatol a regulates microglia M1\/M2 polarization in experimental stroke in a PPARgamma-dependent manner","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00077","article-title":"Microglia polarization with M1\/M2 phenotype changes in rd1 mouse model of retinal degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"2026100917515320000_dfag018-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0411-8","article-title":"Arginase 1+ microglia reduce Abeta plaque deposition during IL-1beta-dependent neuroinflammation","volume":"12","author":"Cherry","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"}],"container-title":["Microscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmicro\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jmicro\/dfag018\/67457947\/dfag018.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmicro\/article-pdf\/75\/5\/377\/67457947\/dfag018.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmicro\/article-pdf\/75\/5\/377\/67457947\/dfag018.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:52:08Z","timestamp":1791582728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmicro\/article\/75\/5\/377\/8533547"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmicro\/dfag018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-5698","2050-5701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-5698","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-5701","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]}}}