{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T15:23:42Z","timestamp":1772810622529,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wakefield\u2019s harmful dysfunction analysis asserts that the concept of medical disorder includes a naturalistic component of dysfunction (failure of biologically designed functioning) and a value (harm) component, both of which are required for disorder attributions. Muckler and Taylor, defending a purely naturalist, value-free understanding of disorder, argue that harm is not necessary for disorder. They provide three examples of dysfunctions that, they claim, are considered disorders but are entirely harmless: mild mononucleosis, cowpox that prevents smallpox, and minor perceptual deficits. They also reject the proposal that dysfunctions need only be typically harmful to qualify as disorders. We argue that the proposed counterexamples are, in fact, considered harmful; thus, they fail to disconfirm the harm requirement: incapacity for exertion is inherently harmful, whether or not exertion occurs, cowpox is directly harmful irrespective of indirect benefits, and colorblindness and anosmia are considered harmful by those who consider them disorders. We also defend the typicality qualifier as viably addressing some apparently harmless disorders and argue that a dysfunction\u2019s harmfulness is best understood in dispositional terms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhaa008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T19:10:53Z","timestamp":1585941053000},"page":"350-370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Harm as a Necessary Component of the Concept of Medical Disorder: Reply to Muckler and Taylor"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jerome C","family":"Wakefield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordan A","family":"Conrad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BE, and New York University, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020052111481422300_CIT0001","article-title":"UW scientists, biotech firm may have cure for colorblindness","author":"Aleccia","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Seattle Times"},{"key":"2020052111481422300_CIT0002","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1980","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2020052111481422300_CIT0003","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013","edition":"5th ed"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020052111481422300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1086\/288768","article-title":"Health as a theoretical concept","volume":"44","author":"Boorse","year":"1977","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"2020052111481422300_CIT0005","first-page":"359","article-title":"Concepts of health","volume-title":"Health Care Ethics: An Introduction","author":"Van De Veer","year":"1987"},{"key":"2020052111481422300_CIT00024","article-title":"A rebuttal on health. 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