{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:07:18Z","timestamp":1790795238552,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["731010012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["731010012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Dutch Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["406.18.FT.002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406.18.FT.002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD) provides an excellent case study to investigate emerging conceptions of health, disease, pre-disease, and risk. Two scientific working groups have recently reconceptualized AD and created a new category of asymptomatic biomarker positive persons, who are either said to have preclinical AD, or to be at risk for AD. This article examines how prominent theories of health and disease would classify this condition: healthy or diseased? Next, the notion of being \u201cat risk\u201d\u2014a state somewhere in-between health and disease\u2014is considered from various angles. It is concluded that medical-scientific developments urge us to let go of dichotomous ways of understanding disease, that the notion of \u201crisk,\u201d conceptualized as an increased chance of getting a symptomatic disease, might be a useful addition to our conceptual framework, and that we should pay more attention to the practical usefulness and implications of the ways in which we draw lines and define concepts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhad009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T03:37:21Z","timestamp":1684467441000},"page":"322-334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Preclinical Disease or Risk Factor? Alzheimer\u2019s Disease as a Case Study of Changing Conceptualizations of Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Maartje H N","family":"Schermer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus MC University Medical Centre , Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023062014321331800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315708652-7","article-title":"The ethics of prodromal and preclinical disease states.","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of Neuroethics","author":"Arias","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023062014321331800_CIT0002","first-page":"49","article-title":"On the distinction between disease and illness","volume":"5","author":"Boorse","year":"1975","journal-title":"Philosophy & Public Affairs"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023062014321331800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1086\/288768","article-title":"Health as a theoretical concept","volume":"44","year":"1977","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"2023062014321331800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59259-451-1","article-title":"A rebuttal on health.","volume-title":"What is disease?","author":"Humber","year":"1997"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023062014321331800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhu035","article-title":"A second rebuttal on health","volume":"39","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023062014321331800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308809","article-title":"Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes","volume":"82","author":"Braak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023062014321331800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhx011","article-title":"How to proceed in the disease concept debate? 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