{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T09:42:52Z","timestamp":1770543772602,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The placebo effect is now generally defined widely as an individual\u2019s response to the psychosocial context of a clinical treatment, as distinct from the treatment\u2019s characteristic physiological effects. Some researchers, however, argue that such a wide definition leads to confusion and misleading implications. In response, they propose a narrow definition restricted to the therapeutic effects of deliberate placebo treatments. Within the framework of modern medicine, such a scope currently leaves one viable placebo treatment paradigm: the non-deceptive and non-concealed administration of \u201cplacebo pills\u201d or open-label placebo (OLP) treatment. In this paper, I consider how the placebo effect occurs in OLP. I argue that a traditional, belief-based account of OLP is paradoxical. Instead, I propose an account based on the non-doxastic attitude of pretence, understood within a fictionalist framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhae008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T05:22:02Z","timestamp":1711516922000},"page":"246-256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Fictionalist Account of Open-Label Placebo"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Doug","family":"Hardman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bournemouth University , Poole , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2024042014122529500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900156","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00156-2019","article-title":"The importance of differentiating behavioural and psychological treatment effects from placebo in respiratory interventions","volume":"53","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"The European Respiratory Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024042014122529500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/48563046","article-title":"Evidence and self-fulfilling belief","volume":"56","author":"Antill","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Philosophical Quarterly"},{"key":"2024042014122529500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674982178","volume-title":"As If: Idealization and Ideals","author":"Appiah","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024042014122529500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.660118","article-title":"Placebo from an enactive perspective","volume":"12","author":"Arandia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2024042014122529500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139235990","volume-title":"Pretense and Pathology","author":"Armour-Garb","year":"2015"},{"issue":"17","key":"2024042014122529500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1955.02960340022006","article-title":"The powerful placebo","volume":"159","author":"Beecher","year":"1955","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024042014122529500_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00179-4","article-title":"The opposite effects of the opiate antagonist naloxone and the cholecystokinin antagonist proglumide on placebo analgesia","volume":"64","author":"Benedetti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024042014122529500_CIT0008","volume-title":"Placebo Effects","year":"2014","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042014122529500_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00465.x","article-title":"Inducing placebo respiratory depressant responses in humans via opioid receptors","volume":"11","author":"Benedetti","year":"1999","journal-title":"The European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024042014122529500_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015516","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015516","article-title":"What techniques might be used to harness placebo effects in non-malignant pain? 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