{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T23:10:54Z","timestamp":1781478654031,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In her recent work, Elselijn Kingma applies four criteria for the individuation of an organism to determine whether the fetus is a part of or mereologically distinct from the mother. These criteria are: homeostasis, metabolic and functional integration, topological continuity, and immunological tolerance. She concludes on the basis of these four criteria that the evidence supports a thesis to the effect that the fetus is a part of the mother and that the point of topological continuity is at the placenta, a \u201cshared organ.\u201d In this paper, I use Kingma\u2019s four criteria offered to argue that the fetus is mereologically distinct from the mother; the fetus is not a maternal part. The placenta, which I argue is a fetal part, is precisely the point at which there is topological discontinuity between mother and fetus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhaf044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T13:00:07Z","timestamp":1764680407000},"page":"222-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Baby Parts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Rose","family":"Hershenov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Niagara University , Niagara University,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/b138589","volume-title":"Manual of Benirschke and Kaufmann\u2019s Pathology of the Human Placenta","author":"Baergen","year":"2005"},{"issue":"200","key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Homeostasis: The underappreciated and far too often ignored central organizing principle of physiology","volume":"11","author":"Billman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.06.007","article-title":"The cytotrophoblastic shell and complications of pregnancy","volume":"60","author":"Burton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B4","first-page":"16","article-title":"Kidney development and function in the fetus","volume":"31","author":"Caruthers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surgical Technologist"},{"key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386456-7.05002-4","volume-title":"Pathobiology of Human Disease","author":"Charles","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2022.03.039","article-title":"Human placental development and function","volume":"131","author":"Cindrova-Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology"},{"key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B7","author":"Condic","year":""},{"issue":"2","key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-22-0046","article-title":"The immunobiology of preterm labor and birth: Intra-amniotic inflammation or breakdown of maternal\u2013fetal homeostasis","volume":"164","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B10","first-page":"321","article-title":"Placental-fetal glucose exchange and fetal glucose metabolism","volume":"117","author":"Hay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association"},{"key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B11","author":"Herrick","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11017-018-9461-0","article-title":"Twin inc","volume":"39","author":"Hershenov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7049","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26437-y","article-title":"\u2018Fetal side\u2019 of the placenta: Anatomical mis-annotation of carbon particle \u2018transfer\u2019 across the human placenta","volume":"12","author":"Holder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S1358246118000115","article-title":"Lady parts","volume":"82","author":"Kingma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements"},{"issue":"511","key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/fzy087","article-title":"Were you a part of your mother?","volume":"128","author":"Kingma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mind"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhaa005","article-title":"Nine months","volume":"45","author":"Kingma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026061314065132300_jhaf044-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12717","article-title":"Neonate incubator or artificial womb? 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