{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:53:11Z","timestamp":1791395591087,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vulnerable individuals have taken their own lives while in relationships with chatbots. Not only did the chatbots not discourage them from taking their lives but they also actively encouraged it. Another man suffering hallucinations took the life of his mother when a chatbot affirmed his delusions. Yet people continue to insist that chatbot therapists and chatbot doctors are a good thing. I acknowledge that generative artificial intelligence (AI), mimicking human rational capacities, will be better than humans at some things. Drawing on the work of Martin Buber in I and Thou, I show that an AI can only treat reality as an It, as an object to be manipulated, and cannot actually enter into an I\u2013Thou relation the way that humans do, and I further argue that when caught up with another, there is a vicarious experiencing, a shared experience, of what I will call Thou\u2013Thou relating. An AI device cannot be pulled into this Thou\u2013Thou form of relation; it cannot encounter a human as Thou, because it is not a subject and lacks affectivity that enables shared experience. It is this vicarious fellow-feeling that often prompts the doctor or the therapist to act.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhag036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:30:09Z","timestamp":1789673409000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can a Chatbot Be Your Chatdoc?"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey P","family":"Bishop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B2","volume-title":"De Anima (on the Soul)","author":"Aristotle","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B100","volume-title":"Confessions","author":"Augustine","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B3","volume-title":"Principles of Biomedical Ethics","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2019","edition":"8th ed"},{"key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B4","volume-title":"Oracoli: Tra Algoretica e algocrazia","author":"Benanti","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B5","volume-title":"The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics","author":"Bergson","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvpj7br6","volume-title":"The Anticipatory Corpse: Medicine, Power, and the Care of the Dying","author":"Bishop","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemep.2017.09.012","article-title":"Principles, rules, and the deflation of the good in bioethics","volume":"3","author":"Bishop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Ethics Medicine, and Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1628\/ptsc-2023-0020","article-title":"Transhumanism\u2019s weird religion: On the ontotheological morality of the posthuman","volume":"10","author":"Bishop","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philosophy, Theology and the Sciences"},{"key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B9","volume-title":"I and Thou","author":"Buber","year":"1970"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B10","first-page":"200","article-title":"Facing up to the problem of consciousness","volume":"2","author":"Chalmers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Consciousness Studies"},{"key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B11","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B12","author":"Datascience Dojo","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/moth.12682","article-title":"Machine learning and theological traditions of analogy","volume":"37","author":"Davison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Modern Theology"},{"key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B15","author":"Feiler","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B16","first-page":"2","article-title":"A unified framework of five principles for AI in society","volume":"1","author":"Floridi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harvard Data Science Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-025-00954-8","article-title":"The specter of principlism: From bioethics to AI ethics to autonomous weapon systems","volume":"6","author":"Freiberg","year":"2026","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B101","author":"Gaudet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Encountering Artificial Intelligence: Ethical and Anthropological Investigations"},{"key":"2026100713085023300_jhag036-B18","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Heidegger: Basic Writings, ed. 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