{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:47:11Z","timestamp":1788918431019,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In most, if not all, jurisdictions with active organ transplantation programs, there is a persistent desire to increase donation rates because the demand for transplantable organs exceeds the supply. China, in particular, faces an extraordinary gap between the number of organs donated by deceased donors and the number of people seeking one or more transplants. China might look to Western countries with higher donation rates to determine how best to introduce Western practices into the Chinese system. In attempting to increase its organ donation rate, China must not only ensure that its organ donation system reflects different Chinese cultural values, but also that it avoids the ethical problems of the United States and of other Western systems. This article examines four such problems. They concern the family, obtaining permission for organ donation, the definition and diagnosis of \u201cbrain death,\u201d and trust. Revisions to the Chinese system should involve a careful look to China and Chinese cultural resources rather than to Western models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhz019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T07:25:21Z","timestamp":1563953121000},"page":"640-662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Building Norms for Organ Donation in China: Pitfalls and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Ana S","family":"Iltis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest College , Winston-Salem, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1086\/292745","article-title":"Trust and antitrust","volume":"96","author":"Baier","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199003000-00016","article-title":"Do brainstem auditory evoked potentials detect the actual cessation of cerebral functions in brain dead patients?","volume":"18","author":"Barelli","year":"1990","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0003","article-title":"Respect for autonomy","volume-title":"Principles of Biomedical Ethics","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2009","edition":"6th ed."},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0004","first-page":"83","article-title":"Refinements in the definition and criterion of death","volume-title":"The Definition of Death: Contemporary Controversies","author":"Bernat","year":"1999"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1308078","article-title":"Life or death for the dead-donor rule?","volume":"369","year":"2013","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhv016","article-title":"Medical individualism or medical familism? A critical analysis of China\u2019s new guidelines for informed consent: The basic norms of the documentation of the medical record","volume":"40","author":"Bian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0007","first-page":"71","article-title":"How much of the brain must be dead?","volume-title":"The Definition of Death: Contemporary Controversies","author":"Brody","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0008","first-page":"149","article-title":"On the impacts of traditional Chinese culture on organ donation","volume":"38","author":"Cai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0009","volume-title":"Ethical Analysis of Trust in Therapeutic Relationships","author":"Carter","year":"1989"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhv011","article-title":"Re-thinking the role of the family in medical decision-making","volume":"40","author":"Cherry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0011","volume-title":"Sex, Family, and the Culture Wars","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0012","volume-title":"Organ Donation: Opportunities for Action","author":"Childress","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12519","article-title":"When the living and the deceased cannot agree on organ donation: A survey of US organ procurement organizations (OPOs)","volume":"14","author":"Chon","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Transplantation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1076\/jmep.27.1.11.2975","article-title":"Trust in medicine","volume":"27","author":"Clark","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1076\/jmep.29.2.149.31506","article-title":"Doctor\u2013family\u2013patient relationship: The Chinese paradigm of informed consent","volume":"29","author":"Cong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"9137","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60767-2","article-title":"Brazil abolishes \u201cpresumed consent\u201d in organ donation","volume":"352","author":"Csillag","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/155005947500600205","article-title":"Brainstem death with persistence of bioelectric activity of the cerebral hemispheres","volume":"6","author":"Deliyannakis","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clinical Electroeacephalogy"},{"issue":"9945","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61430-6","article-title":"Correspondence: Organ transplantation in China\u2014Not yet a new era","volume":"384","author":"Delmonico","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.168047","article-title":"A comparison of brain death criteria between China and the United States","volume":"128","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chinese Medical Journal"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400827275","volume-title":"Is Democracy Possible Here? Principles for a New Political Debate","author":"Dworkin","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.29.3.125","article-title":"It is immoral to require consent for cadaver organ donation","volume":"29","author":"Emson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0022","first-page":"319","article-title":"Redefining death: The mirage of consensus","volume-title":"The Definition of Death: Contemporary Controversies","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2002"},{"issue":"oct18 2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c4973","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4973","article-title":"Presumed consent: A distraction in the quest for increasing rates of organ donation","volume":"341","author":"Fabre","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0024","volume-title":"A History and Theory of Informed Consent","author":"Faden","year":"1986"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0025","volume-title":"Confucian Bioethics","author":"Fan","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1076\/jmep.29.2.139.31505","article-title":"Consent to medical treatment: The complex interplay of patients, families, and physicians","volume":"29","author":"Fan","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0027","volume-title":"Harm to Others","author":"Feinberg","year":"1984"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(86)90049-3","article-title":"Isolated brainstem death","volume":"65","author":"Ferbert","year":"1986","journal-title":"Electroencephalogy Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198706000-00002","article-title":"Diabetes insipidus in children with brain death","volume":"15","author":"Fiser","year":"1987","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e318204ee96","article-title":"Variability in donation after cardiac death protocols: A national survey","volume":"91","author":"Fugate","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i14","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer397","article-title":"International perspective on the diagnosis of death","volume":"108","author":"Gardiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000296278.59487.c2","article-title":"Variability of brain death determination guidelines in leading US neurologic institutions","volume":"70","author":"Greer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1987.00520210048018","article-title":"Electroencephalographic activity after brain death","volume":"44","author":"Grigg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Archives in Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-6-199309150-00013","article-title":"Brain death: Reconciling definitions, criteria, and tests","volume":"119","author":"Halevy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.00223","article-title":"Trust in physicians and medical institutions: What is it, can it be measured, and does it matter?","volume":"79","author":"Hall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Milbank Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.29.3.130","article-title":"Organ procurement: Dead interests, living needs","volume":"29","author":"Harris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0037","first-page":"337","article-title":"A definition of irreversible coma","volume":"205","author":"Harvard Ad Hoc Committee to Examine the Definition of Brain Death","year":"1968","journal-title":"JAMA Network"},{"issue":"7327","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7327.1478","article-title":"Christiaan Barnard: His first transplants and their impact on concepts of death","volume":"323","author":"Hoffenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0039","volume-title":"Wrapped in Mourning: The Gift of Life and Organ Donor Family Trauma","author":"Holtkamp","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21081","article-title":"Ethical and legislative perspectives on liver transplantation in the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Transplantation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24069","article-title":"Voluntary organ donation system adapted to Chinese cultural values and social reality","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Transplantation"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0042","volume-title":"Medical Nemesis. The Expropriation of Health","author":"Illich","year":"1975"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1076\/jmep.27.1.31.2969","article-title":"Trust: The scarcest of medical resources","volume":"27","author":"Illingworth","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12254","article-title":"Organ donation, brain death and the family: Valid informed consent","volume":"43","author":"Iltis","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhq017","article-title":"Death revisited: Rethinking death and the dead donor rule","volume":"35","author":"Iltis","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181928ff8","article-title":"Organ donation, patients\u2019 rights, and medical responsibilities at the end of life","volume":"37","author":"Iltis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.1996.16310.x","article-title":"A concept analysis of trust","volume":"24","author":"Johns","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhq023","article-title":"A matter of respect: A defense of the dead donor rule and of a \u201cwhole-brain\u201d criterion for determination of death","volume":"35","author":"Khushf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhv015","article-title":"Intimacy and family consent: A Confucian ideal","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1400930","article-title":"Accepting brain death","volume":"370","author":"Magnus","year":"2014","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/0195079981.001.0001","volume-title":"The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life","author":"McMahan","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2307\/3350245","article-title":"Changing medical organizations and the erosion of trust","volume":"74","author":"Mechanic","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Milbank Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-23-4-661","article-title":"The functions and limitations of trust in the provision of medical care","volume":"23","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199739172.001.0001","volume-title":"Death, Dying, and Organ Transplantation: Reconstructing Medical Ethics at the End of Life","author":"Miller","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0055","first-page":"88","article-title":"An alternative policy for obtaining cadaver organs for transplantation","volume":"8","author":"Muyskens","year":"1978","journal-title":"Philosophy and Public Affairs"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2307\/2214297","article-title":"Death","volume":"4","author":"Nagel","year":"1970","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.2013.0002","article-title":"Brain death, paternalism, and the language of \u2018death.\u2019","volume":"23","author":"Nair-Collins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2014-102229","article-title":"Abandoning the dead donor rule? A national survey of public views on death and organ donation","volume":"41","author":"Nair-Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0059","unstructured":"National Paralegal College (NPC)\n          . n.d. Statutory Requirements for a Valid Written Will [On-line]. Available: http:\/\/nationalparalegal.edu\/willsTrustsEstates_Public\/ExecutionValidityComponentsOfWills\/StatutoryRequirementsForWill.asp (accessed June 20, 2019)."},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0060","author":"OPTN\/UNOS","year":"2014"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.9.1243","article-title":"Diabetes insipidus accompanying brain death in children","volume":"34","author":"Outwater","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0062","volume-title":"The Social System","author":"Parsons","year":"1951"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1086\/292226","article-title":"Posthumous interests and posthumous respect","volume":"91","author":"Partridge","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ethics"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0064","first-page":"69","article-title":"Trust and distrust in professional ethics","volume-title":"Ethics, Trust, and the Professions: Philosophical and Cultural Perspective","author":"Pellegrino","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0065","volume-title":"The Basic Norms of the Documentation of the Medical Record","author":"People\u2019s Republic of China, Ministry of Health","year":"2010"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2004.010298","article-title":"Does it matter that organ donors are not dead? Ethical and policy implications","volume":"31","author":"Potts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000127265.62431.0D","article-title":"Variability among hospital policies for determining brain death in adults","volume":"32","author":"Powner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0069","first-page":"205","article-title":"Trust and transforming medical institutions","volume":"9","author":"Rhodes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cambridge Quarterly of Health Care Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1086\/376717","article-title":"Giving the dead their due","volume":"114","author":"Ridge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/155005948501600202","article-title":"Brainstem death","volume":"16","author":"Rodin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clinical Electroeacephalogy"},{"issue":"9746","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61342-6","article-title":"Success factors and ethical challenges of the Spanish model of organ donation","volume":"376","author":"Rodriguez-Arias","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198237631.001.0001","volume-title":"Children, Families, and Health Care Decision Making","author":"Ross","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i48","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer399","article-title":"International practices of organ donation","volume":"108","author":"Rudge","year":"2012","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0075","volume-title":"What We Owe to Each Other","author":"Scanlon","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01402079","article-title":"Changes of pituitary hormones in brain death","volume":"52","author":"Schrader","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirirgica"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2011.045385","article-title":"Death and legal fictions","volume":"37","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12871","article-title":"Organ procurement from executed prisoners in China","volume":"14","author":"Sharif","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Transplantation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.6.1538","article-title":"Chronic \u201cbrain death:\u201d Meta-analysis and conceptual consequences","volume":"51","author":"Shewmon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100836","article-title":"Somatic pathophysiological equivalence and implications for the integrative-unity rationale","volume":"37","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1076\/jmep.26.5.457.3000","article-title":"The brain and somatic integration: Insights into the standard rationale for equating \u201cbrain death\u201d with death","volume":"26","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0082","first-page":"3","article-title":"Brain death: Can it be resuscitated?","volume":"25","year":"2009","journal-title":"Issues in Law and Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhq022","article-title":"Constructing the death elephant: A synthetic paradigm shift for the definition, criteria, and tests for death","volume":"35","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2307\/2214239","article-title":"Whose body is it, anyway?","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Philosophical Perspectives"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i6","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer355","article-title":"Brain death: Time for an international consensus","volume":"108","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0086","first-page":"23","article-title":"The fiduciary relationship and the nature of the professions","volume-title":"Ethics, Trust, and the Professions","author":"Sokolowski","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0087","first-page":"A4","article-title":"China bends vow on using prisoners\u2019 organs for transplants","author":"Tatlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040938","article-title":"Reexamining the definition and criterion of death","volume":"17","author":"Taylor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Seminars in Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-146X.1997.tb00021.x","article-title":"Is it time to abandon brain death?","volume":"27","author":"Truog","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hastings Center Report"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0708194","article-title":"Consent for organ donation\u2014Balancing conflicting ethical obligations","volume":"358","year":"2008","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0091","first-page":"1885","article-title":"Defining death: Getting it wrong for all the right reasons","volume":"93","year":"2014\u20132015","journal-title":"Texas Law Review"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000090869.19410.3C","article-title":"Role of brain death and the dead-donor rule in the ethics of organ transplantation","volume":"31","author":"Truog","year":"2003","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0093","unstructured":"Uniform Anatomical Gift Act\n          . 2006. [On-line]. Available: http:\/\/www.uniformlaws.org\/actsummary.aspx?title=Anatomical%20Gift%20Act%20%282006%29 (accessed August 10, 2019)."},{"key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0094","unstructured":"Uniform Determination of Death Act\n          . 1980. [On-line]. Available: http:\/\/www.uniformlaws.org\/shared\/docs\/determination of death\/udda80.pdf (accessed August 10, 2019)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2307\/3562586","article-title":"The impending collapse of the whole-brain definition of death","volume":"23","author":"Veatch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hastings Center Report"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.2004.0035","article-title":"Abandon the dead donor rule or change the definition of death?","volume":"14","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/03605310591008504","article-title":"The death of whole-brain death: The plague of the disaggregators, somaticists, and mentalists","volume":"30","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhq008","article-title":"Organ donation by capital prisoners in China: Reflections in Confucian ethics","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"9945","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61429-X","article-title":"Correspondence: Organ transplantation in China\u2014Not yet a new era","volume":"384","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5930.00202","article-title":"Last rights: The ethics of research on the dead","volume":"19","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Philosophy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5930.2009.00477.x","article-title":"Against posthumous rights","volume":"27","author":"Winter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Philosophy"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1604456","article-title":"Health as a family affair","volume":"374","author":"Wittenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6939-7-14","article-title":"Organ procurement organizations internet enrollment for organ donation: Abandoning informed consent","volume":"7","author":"Woien","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Medical Ethics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-016-0298-4","article-title":"When brain death belies belief","volume":"55","author":"Yanke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1076\/jmep.26.5.527.3002","article-title":"Philosophical debates about the definition of death: Who cares?","volume":"26","author":"Youngner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180111000144","article-title":"Tensions between medical professionals and patients in mainland China","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809505878800_CIT0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2006.26.2.129","article-title":"A study of the presumptive approach to consent for organ donation: A new solution to an old problem","volume":"26","author":"Zink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Critical Care Nurse"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmp\/article-pdf\/44\/5\/640\/30029436\/jhz019.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmp\/article-pdf\/44\/5\/640\/30029436\/jhz019.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:51:18Z","timestamp":1788875478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmp\/article\/44\/5\/640\/5570663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmp\/jhz019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-5310","1744-5019"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-5310","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-5019","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]}}}