{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:16:45Z","timestamp":1792801005232,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,4,1]],"date-time":"1993-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":733622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]],"date-time":"2018-02-21T09:41:12Z","timestamp":1519206072000},"page":"626-633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":518,"title":["Chromium in Human Nutrition: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Walter","family":"Mertz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1159\/000177646","article-title":"Chromium and cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits","volume":"35","author":"Abraham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. & Metab."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(92)90318-5","article-title":"The effects of chromium supplementation on serum glucose and lipids in patients with and without non-insulin dependent diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Abraham","year":"1992","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03290450049024","article-title":"Guidelines for essential trace element preparations for parenteral use","volume":"241","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.5.909","article-title":"Supplemental-chromium effects on glucose, insulin, glucagon and urinary chromium losses in subjects consuming controlled low-chromium diets","volume":"54","author":"Anderson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(83)90203-2","article-title":"Chromium supplementation of human subjects: effects on glucose, insulin and lipid parameters","volume":"32","author":"Anderson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib6","first-page":"17","article-title":"Is chromium essential for humans? Nutr","volume":"46","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01318699","article-title":"Chromium deficiency after long-term total parenteral nutrition","volume":"31","author":"Brown","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.3.195","article-title":"Chromium (III) in hypoglycemia and in impaired glucose utilization in kwashiorkor","volume":"21","author":"Carter","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(15)33121-5","article-title":"Physiological changes in plasma chromium of normal and pregnant women: effect of glucose load","volume":"116","author":"Davidson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib10","series-title":"Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198903163201111","article-title":"Insulin resistance\u2014a secret killer? N","volume":"320","author":"Foster","year":"1989","journal-title":"Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03290310036012","article-title":"Chromium deficiency during total parenteral nutrition","volume":"241","author":"Freund","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.152.3726.1243","article-title":"Plasma chromium after glucose administration","volume":"152","author":"Glinsmann","year":"1966","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(66)90111-9","article-title":"Effect of trivalent chromium on glucose tolerance","volume":"15","author":"Glinsmann","year":"1966","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/24.11.1313","article-title":"Effect of chromium on glucose utilization in marasmic protein-calorie malnutrition","volume":"24","author":"Gurson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-0134(83)85016-8","article-title":"The relationship of chromium to the glucose tolerance factor","volume":"19","author":"Haylock","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.3.203","article-title":"Improvement of impaired carbohydrate metabolism by chromium (III) in malnourished infants","volume":"21","author":"Hopkins","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib18","series-title":"Environmental Health Criteria 61 Chromium","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/30.4.531","article-title":"Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition","volume":"30","author":"Jeejeebhoy","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/35.4.661","article-title":"Chromium and insulin in young subjects with normal glucose tolerance","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(85)80241-4","article-title":"Dietary chromium and effect of chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance of elderly Canadian women","volume":"5","author":"Martinez","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1969.49.2.163","article-title":"Chromium occurrence and function in biological systems","volume":"49","author":"Mertz","year":"1969","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)81228-5","article-title":"The effect of trivalent chromium on galactose entry in rat epididymal fat tissue","volume":"238","author":"Mertz","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64360-1","article-title":"Effect of trivalent chromium complexes on glucose uptake by epididymal fat tissue of rats","volume":"236","author":"Mertz","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(00)80209-3","article-title":"Chromium in biological systems, I. Some observations on glucose tolerance factor in yeast","volume":"13","author":"Mirsky","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib26","first-page":"80","article-title":"Effects of chromium (III) on fasting blood glucose, cholesterol and cholesterol HDL levels in diabetics","volume":"29","author":"Mossop","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cent. Afr. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/24.4.541","article-title":"Serum chromium and angiographically-determined coronary artery disease","volume":"24","author":"Newman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/42.3.454","article-title":"The effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast on glucose tolerance, plasma lipids, and plasma chromium in elderly subjects","volume":"42","author":"Offenbacher","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02917234","article-title":"Effect of chromium (III) on nuclear RNA synthesis","volume":"21","author":"Okada","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib30","first-page":"41","article-title":"The effect of chromium picolinate on serum cholesterol and apolipoprotein fractions in human subjects","volume":"152","author":"Press","year":"1990","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.6.4.319","article-title":"Effect of chromium and yeast supplements on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic men","volume":"6","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(92)90088-R","article-title":"The role of insulin resistance and hyperin-sulinemia in coronary heart disease","volume":"41","author":"Reaven","year":"1992","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.12.2670","article-title":"Effect of chromium chloride supplementation on glucose tolerance and serum lipids including high-density lipoprotein of adult men","volume":"34","author":"Riales","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib34","series-title":"Chromium in Nutrition and Disease","author":"Saner","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.3.230","article-title":"The role of chromium in mammalian nutrition","volume":"21","author":"Schroeder","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(62)90114-5","article-title":"Abnormal trace metals in man: chromium","volume":"15","author":"Schroeder","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Chron. Dis."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90479-5","article-title":"Chromium (III) and the glucose tolerance factor (Letters to the Editors)","volume":"85","author":"Schwarz","year":"1959","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib38","first-page":"113","article-title":"Proceedings, Working Conference on Parenteral Trace elements \u03a0","volume":"60","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(68)90066-8","article-title":"Failure of trivalent chromium to improve hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Sherman","year":"1968","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02989260","article-title":"Low plasma chromium in patients with coronary artery and heart disease","volume":"6","author":"Simonoff","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60209a056","article-title":"Preparation of chromium-containing material of glucose tolerance factor activity from brewer's yeast and by synthesis","volume":"25","author":"Toepfer","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.27.1.49","article-title":"Comparison and effects of natural and synthetic glucose tolerance factor in normal and genetically diabetic mice","volume":"27","author":"Tuman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib43","year":"1978","journal-title":"Complex of cobalt, nicotinamide and reduced glutathione\u2014useful as glucose tolerance factor"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(87)90100-4","article-title":"Evidence for synergism between chromium and nicotinic acid in the control of glucose tolerance in elderly humans","volume":"36","author":"Urberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.3.404","article-title":"Effect of inorganic chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance, insulin response, and serum lipids in noninsulin-dependent diabetics","volume":"38","author":"Uusitupa","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(89)90194-0","article-title":"Analytical chemistry of chromium","volume":"86","author":"Veillon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib47","first-page":"345","article-title":"Chromium, manganese, nickel and other metals in RNA","volume":"18","author":"Wacker","year":"1959","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(89)80059-4","article-title":"Serum cholesterol of adults supplemented with brewer's yeast or chromium chloride","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib49","series-title":"WHO Tech. Rep 532","article-title":"Trace Elements in Human Nutrition","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(89)92119-0","article-title":"Evidence that chromium is an essential factor for biological activity of low-molecular-weight, chromium binding substance","volume":"163","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316623008738?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316623008738?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jn\/article-pdf\/123\/4\/626\/23954536\/jn1230040626.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T20:55:47Z","timestamp":1686603347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022316623008738"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022316623008738"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3166","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Chromium in Human Nutrition: A Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/123.4.626","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1993 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}