{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:40:29Z","timestamp":1791160829635,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]],"date-time":"2000-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":965088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8221,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]],"date-time":"2018-01-19T13:12:23Z","timestamp":1516367543000},"page":"1996-2001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["\u03b2-Carotene Is Converted Primarily to Retinoids in Rats In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Arun B.","family":"Barua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3390359","article-title":"Intestinal absorption of epoxy-\u03b2-carotenes by humans","volume":"339","author":"Barua","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. J"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(97)00133-2","article-title":"The role of vitamin A status in the conversion of all-trans retinoyl \u03b2-glucuronide to retinoic acid in male Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"9","author":"Barua","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)85279-5","article-title":"Preparation and properties of 4-oxo-retinoic acid and its methyl ester","volume":"18","author":"Barua","year":"1972","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21C","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0920021C","article-title":"Vitamin A acid from retinene","volume":"92","author":"Barua","year":"1964","journal-title":"Biochem. J"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19940042","article-title":"\u03b2-Carotene-15,15\u2032-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.21) isolation reaction mechanism and improved assay procedure","volume":"72","author":"Devery","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.10.2550","article-title":"Rat intestinal \u03b2-carotene dioxygenase activity is located primarily in the cytosol of mature jejunal enterocytes","volume":"126","author":"Duszka","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib7","first-page":"199","article-title":"Mechanism of conversion of \u03b2-carotene into vitamin A\u2014central cleavage versus random cleavage","volume":"45","author":"Ganguly","year":"1985","journal-title":"World Rev. Nutr. Diet"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib8","first-page":"645","article-title":"Conversion of \u03b2-carotene and some \u03b2-apocarotenoids under the effect of substances from the intestinal mucosa","volume":"34","author":"Gessler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(08)60869-9","article-title":"The conversion of \u03b2-carotene to vitamin A","volume":"18","author":"Glover","year":"1960","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0430512","article-title":"Studies in vitamin A. VIII. Conversion of \u03b2-carotene into vitamin A in the intestine of the rat","volume":"43","author":"Glover","year":"1948","journal-title":"Biochem. J"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib11","first-page":"185","article-title":"Some natural and synthetic antioxidants as stabilizers of \u03b2-carotene conversion into vitamin A","volume":"63","author":"Gomboeva","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Moscow)"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1126\/science.149.3686.879","article-title":"Biosynthesis of vitamin A with rat intestinal enzymes","volume":"149","author":"Goodman","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science (Washington, DC)"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(91)90051-4","article-title":"Characterization of products formed during the oxidation of \u03b2-carotene","volume":"10","author":"Handelman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19590420329","article-title":"95. Synthesis in der carotinoid-reihe: carotinoide von typus destorularhodins","volume":"42","author":"Isler","year":"1959","journal-title":"Helv. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib15","first-page":"232","article-title":"Effect of vitamin A deficiency on the hydrolysis of retinoyl \u03b2-glucuronide to retinoic acid by rat tissue organelles in vitro","volume":"68","author":"Kaul","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.23.9124","article-title":"Enzymatic conversion of all-trans \u03b2-carotene to retinal by a cytosolic enzyme from rabbit and rat intestinal mucosa","volume":"86","author":"Lakshman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(93)14070-Y","article-title":"Enzymatic conversion of all-trans \u03b2-carotene to retinal","volume":"214","author":"Lakshman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)39381-0","article-title":"Purification and properties of carotene 15,15\u2032-dioxygenase of rabbit intestine","volume":"13","author":"Lakshmanan","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(90)89277-O","article-title":"High-performance liquid chromatography of retinoid isomers","volume":"189","author":"Landers","year":"1989","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib20","first-page":"65","article-title":"Studies on carotenoid metabolism. VII. The site of conversion of carotene to vitamin A in the rat","volume":"14","author":"Mattson","year":"1947","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1996.0142","article-title":"Stoichiometric conversion of all-trans \u03b2-carotene to retinal by pig intestinal extract","volume":"328","author":"Nagao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib22","unstructured":"Olson, J. A. (1999) Carotenoids. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease (Shils, M. E., Olson, J. A., Shike, M. & Ross, A. C., eds.), 9th ed., pp. 525\u2013542. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.54.5.1364","article-title":"The enzymatic cleavage of \u03b2-carotene into vitamin A by soluble enzymes of rat liver and intestine","volume":"54","author":"Olson","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26160.x","article-title":"Study of \u03b2-carotene metabolism in humans using 13C-\u03b2-carotene and high precision isotope ratio mass spectrometry","volume":"691","author":"Parker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.838S","article-title":"Components of the AIN-93 diets as improvements in the AIN-76A diet","volume":"127","author":"Reeves","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19590420328","article-title":"94. Synthesis in der carotinoid-reihe: synthesis in der \u03b2-carotinal-und \u03b2-carotinol-reihe","volume":"42","author":"Ruegg","year":"1959","journal-title":"Helv. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(77)90083-2","article-title":"Studies on the metabolism of \u03b2-carotene and apo-\u03b2-carotenoids in rats and chickens","volume":"486","author":"Sharma","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib28","unstructured":"Snedecor, G. W. & Cochran, W. G. (1989) Statistical Methods. Iowa StateUniversity Press, Ames, IA."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9829","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00105a003","article-title":"Characterization of \u03b2-apo-13-carotene and \u03b2-apo-carotenal as enzymatic products of the excentric cleavage of \u03b2-carotene","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib30","unstructured":"Underwood, B. (1994) Vitamin A in human nutrition: public health considerations. In: Retinoids(Sporn, M. B., Roberts, A. B. & Goodman D. S., eds.), 2nd ed., pp. 211\u2013227. Raven Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.2.499","article-title":"\u03b2-Carotene absorption and cleavage in rats is affected by the vitamin A concentration of the diet","volume":"126","author":"van Vliet","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1789-8_7","article-title":"The bioconversion of \u03b2-carotene into retinoids","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(91)90322-A","article-title":"Enzymatic conversion of \u03b2-carotene into \u03b2-apocarotenals and retinoids by human, monkey, ferret, and rat tissues","volume":"285","author":"Wang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib34","first-page":"371","article-title":"Quantification of the \u2018SLAMENGHI\u2019 factors for carotenoid bioavailability and bioconversion","volume":"68","author":"West","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1995.1382","article-title":"Similar metabolites formed from \u03b2-carotene by human gastric mucosal homogenates, lipoxygenase, or linoleic acid hydroperoxide","volume":"321","author":"Yeum","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01018a521","article-title":"Citrus carotenoids. II. The structure of citranaxanthin, a new carotenoid ketone","volume":"30","author":"Yokoyama","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)82192-5","article-title":"Citrus carotenoids. VIII. The isolation of semi-\u03b2-carotenone and \u03b2-carotenone from citrus relatives","volume":"7","author":"Yokoyama","year":"1968","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/56.2.433","article-title":"Metabolism of carotenoid analogs in humans","volume":"56","author":"Zeng","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316622143683?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316622143683?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jn\/article-pdf\/130\/8\/1996\/24005039\/4w080001996.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:03:45Z","timestamp":1686614625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022316622143683"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022316622143683"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3166","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"\u03b2-Carotene Is Converted Primarily to Retinoids in Rats In Vivo","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1996","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2000 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}