{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T12:21:55Z","timestamp":1790425315005,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]],"date-time":"2004-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6702,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T07:02:22Z","timestamp":1516604542000},"page":"2660-2666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Vitamin A Deficiency Increases the In Vivo Development of IL-10\u2013Positive Th2 Cells and Decreases Development of Th1 Cells in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Charles B.","family":"Stephensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tammy","family":"Freytag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500070078033","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation and child mortality. A meta-analysis","volume":"269","author":"Fawzi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.21.1.167","article-title":"Vitamin A, infection, and immune function","volume":"21","author":"Stephensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr"},{"issue":"Suppl.1","key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S122","DOI":"10.1086\/315921","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation: implications for morbidity and mortality in children","volume":"182","author":"Villamor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.5.e3","article-title":"Adverse effects of high-dose vitamin A supplements in children hospitalized with pneumonia","volume":"101","author":"Stephensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200209270-00011","article-title":"Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding and early child mortality","volume":"16","author":"Fawzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5878","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.16.5878","article-title":"Contrasting impairments in IgM and IgG responses of vitamin A-deficient mice","volume":"84","author":"Smith","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.4.8.2110538","article-title":"Antibody production in vitamin A-depleted rats is impaired after immunization with bacterial polysaccharide or protein antigens","volume":"4","author":"Pasatiempo","year":"1990","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.1.101","article-title":"Depressed immune response to tetanus in children with vitamin A deficiency","volume":"122","author":"Semba","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.8.2674","article-title":"Vitamin A down-regulation of IFN-gamma synthesis in cloned mouse Th1 lymphocytes depends on the CD28 costimulatory pathway","volume":"156","author":"Cantorna","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.4.1515","article-title":"In vitamin A deficiency multiple mechanisms establish a regulatory T helper cell imbalance with excess Th1 and insufficient Th2 function","volume":"152","author":"Cantorna","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.5.1062","article-title":"Retinoid repletion of vitamin A-deficient mice restores IgG responses","volume":"122","author":"Chun","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.2.388","article-title":"Characterization of a helper T lymphocyte defect in vitamin A-deficient mice","volume":"142","author":"Carman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2125367","article-title":"Induction by antigen of intrathymic apoptosis of CD4+CD8+TCRlo thymocytes in vivo","volume":"250","author":"Murphy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.158.5.1635","article-title":"The major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen receptor on T cells. IV. An anti-idiotypic antibody predicts both antigen and I-specificity","volume":"158","author":"Marrack","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.5.823","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency impairs some aspects of the host response to influenza A virus infection in BALB\/c mice","volume":"123","author":"Stephensen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.9.4495","article-title":"Vitamin A enhances in vitro Th2 development via retinoid X receptor pathway","volume":"168","author":"Stephensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coligan, J. E., Kruisbeek, A. M., Margulies, D. H., Shevach, E. M. & Strober, W., eds. (2001) Current Protocols in Immunology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(94)90084-1","article-title":"Visualization of peptide-specific T cell immunity and peripheral tolerance induction in vivo","volume":"1","author":"Kearney","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1997.tb00959.x","article-title":"Use of adoptive transfer of T-cell-antigen-receptor-transgenic T cell for the study of T-cell activation in vivo","volume":"156","author":"Pape","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.2.649","article-title":"Visualization of antigen-specific T cell activation and cytokine expression in vivo","volume":"158","author":"Rogers","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.11.5771","article-title":"Revisiting tolerance induced by autoantigen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant","volume":"164","author":"Heeger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0625.2002.110204.x","article-title":"Induction of skewed Th1\/Th2 T-cell differentiation via subcutaneous immunization with Freund's adjuvant","volume":"11","author":"Shibaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.70.6.849","article-title":"Modes of action of Freund's adjuvants in experimental models of autoimmune diseases","volume":"70","author":"Billiau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.7.3942","article-title":"Adjuvant-guided type-1 and type-2 immunity: infectious\/noninfectious dichotomy defines the class of response","volume":"162","author":"Yip","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04489.x","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid skews monocyte differentiation into interleukin-12-secreting dendritic-like cells","volume":"122","author":"Mohty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000067944.90241.BD","article-title":"Type 1 T-regulatory cells: their role in the control of immune responses","volume":"75","author":"Groux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19910106","article-title":"Effect of vitamin A deficiency on the immune response to epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM) rotavirus infection in mice","volume":"65","author":"Ahmed","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(90)90067-3","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency impairs cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in Newcastle disease virus-infected chickens","volume":"26","author":"Sijtsma","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib29","first-page":"581","article-title":"Aberrant T-cell function in vitro and impaired T-cell dependent antibody response in vivo in vitamin A-deficient rats","volume":"80","author":"Wiedermann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(02)00239-0","article-title":"In vitro generation of IL-10-producing regulatory CD4+ T cells is induced by immunosuppressive drugs and inhibited by Th1- and Th2-inducing cytokines","volume":"85","author":"O'Garra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324578","article-title":"Mini-review: regulatory T cells and infection: suppression revisited","volume":"34","author":"Mittrucker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxg101","article-title":"Retinoic acids exert direct effects on T cells to suppress Th1 development and enhance Th2 development via retinoic acid receptors","volume":"15","author":"Iwata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Immunol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.12.3736","article-title":"Retinoic acid enhances the T helper 2 cell development that is essential for robust antibody responses through its action on antigen-presenting cells","volume":"132","author":"Hoag","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(02)00204-1","article-title":"Cytosolic retinoid dehydrogenases govern ubiquitous metabolism of retinol to retinaldehyde followed by tissue-specific metabolism to retinoic acid","volume":"143\u2013144","author":"Duester","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.4.1247","article-title":"Abnormal regulation of IFN-gamma secretion in vitamin A deficiency","volume":"147","author":"Carman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030390","article-title":"Retinoids regulate survival and antigen presentation by immature dendritic cells","volume":"198","author":"Geissmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316623031036?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316623031036?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jn\/article-pdf\/134\/10\/2660\/24027680\/z4w01004002660.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T17:50:58Z","timestamp":1686592258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022316623031036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022316623031036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3166","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Vitamin A Deficiency Increases the In Vivo Development of IL-10\u2013Positive Th2 Cells and Decreases Development of Th1 Cells in Mice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2004 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}