{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T05:46:45Z","timestamp":1793857605432,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5243,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T08:18:34Z","timestamp":1516177114000},"page":"1835-1839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":248,"title":["Vitamin A Deficiency and Clinical Disease: An Historical Overview"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Alfred","family":"Sommer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib1","series-title":"Nutritional blindness: xerophthalmia and keratomalacia.","author":"Sommer","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib2","series-title":"Vitamin A deficiency: health, survival and vision.","author":"Sommer","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(55)91835-3","article-title":"The photoreceptor process in vision","volume":"40","author":"Wald","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.44.7.648","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency and night blindness","volume":"44","author":"Dowling","year":"1958","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.2.290","article-title":"A historical note on the mode of administration of vitamin A for the cure of night blindness","volume":"31","author":"Wolf","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.9.1489","article-title":"Cure for night blindness","volume":"31","author":"Husaini","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib7","first-page":"55","article-title":"On nyctalopia with peculiar appearances on the conjunctiva","volume":"18","author":"Snell","year":"1896","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib8","first-page":"293","article-title":"Observations sur l\u2019hemeralopie","volume":"44","author":"Hubbenet","year":"1860","journal-title":"Ann Ocul (Paris)."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib9","first-page":"284","article-title":"Sur une lesion conjunctivale non encore decrite, coincident avec l\u2019hemeralopie","volume":"10","author":"Bitot","year":"1863","journal-title":"Gazette Hebdomadaire de Medecine e de Chirurgie."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1981.03930020890016","article-title":"Bitot\u2019s spots responsive and nonresponsive to vitamin A. Clinicopathologic correlations","volume":"99","author":"Sommer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib11","unstructured":"Magendie. Memoire sur les proprietes nutritives des substances qui ne contiennent pas d\u2019Azote. Paris 1816: 7."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1912.sp001524","article-title":"Feeding experiments illustrating the importance of accessory factors in normal dietaries","volume":"49","author":"Hopkins","year":"1912","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)88553-2","article-title":"The necessity of certain lipids in the diet during growth","volume":"15","author":"McCollum","year":"1913","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)87612-8","article-title":"The essential factors in diet during growth","volume":"23","author":"McCollum","year":"1915","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)88450-2","article-title":"The influence of butter-fat on growth","volume":"16","author":"Osborne","year":"1913","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)88450-2","article-title":"The influence of cod liver oil and some other fats on growth","volume":"16","author":"Osborne","year":"1914","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0140502","article-title":"A contribution to the study of keratomalacia among rats","volume":"14","author":"Stephenson","year":"1920","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400007865","article-title":"Clinical investigation of xerophthalmia and dystrophy in infants and young children (xerophthalmia et dystropia alipogenetica)","volume":"19","author":"Bloch","year":"1921","journal-title":"J Hygiene (Cambridge)."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib19","first-page":"139","article-title":"Blindness and other diseases in children arising from deficient nutrition (lack of fat-soluble A factor)","volume":"27","author":"Bloch","year":"1924","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1931.01940140003001","article-title":"Effects of deficiency of vitamins in infancy","volume":"42","author":"Bloch","year":"1931","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3537.691","article-title":"Vitamin A as an anti-infective agent","volume":"2","author":"Green","year":"1928","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3691.595","article-title":"Diet as a prophylactic agent against puerperal sepsis","volume":"2","author":"Green","year":"1931","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1935.02760100003002","article-title":"Nutrition and infection","volume":"104","author":"Clausen","year":"1935","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)25097-1","article-title":"Renewed interest in vitamin A","volume":"217","year":"1931","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3745.708","article-title":"Intensive vitamin therapy in measles","volume":"2","author":"Ellison","year":"1932","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01289a075","article-title":"The isolation of crystalline vitamin A","volume":"59","author":"Holmes","year":"1937","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(00)00387-7","article-title":"The antiinfective vitamin arises once more","volume":"16","author":"McLaren","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutrition."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib28","series-title":"Interactions of nutrition and infection.","author":"Scrimshaw","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(08)60011-4","article-title":"Vitamin A transport and retinol-binding protein metabolism","volume":"32","author":"Goodman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Vitam Horm."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib30","series-title":"The retinoids: biology, chemistry and medicine.","first-page":"229","article-title":"Retinol and retinoic acid metabolism","author":"Blaner","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib31","series-title":"Modern nutrition in health and disease.","first-page":"287","article-title":"Vitamin A, retinoids and carotenoids","author":"Olson","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib32","series-title":"WHO Technical Report Series 590.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia. Report of a joint WHO\/USAID meeting","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90677-3","article-title":"Increased mortality in children with mild vitamin A deficiency","volume":"2","author":"Sommer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91157-8","article-title":"Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood mortality. A randomised controlled community trial","volume":"1","author":"Sommer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90070-6","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin A in reducing preschool child mortality in Nepal","volume":"338","author":"West","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1003","article-title":"Vitamin A, infectious disease and childhood mortality: a 2\u00a2 solution?","volume":"167","author":"Sommer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91812-M","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency and childhood mortality (Reply)","volume":"340","author":"Sommer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6874.366","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation in infectious diseases: a meta-analysis","volume":"306","author":"Glasziou","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91677-Z","article-title":"Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood morbidity in northern Ghana","volume":"339","author":"Arthur","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19720094","article-title":"Absorption of labeled vitamin A in children during infection","volume":"27","author":"Sivakumar","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/48.5.1265","article-title":"Vitamin A-fortified monosodium glutamate and vitamin A status: a controlled field trial","volume":"48","author":"Muhilal","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199010043231401","article-title":"Reduced mortality among children in Southern India receiving a small weekly dose of vitamin A","volume":"323","author":"Rahmathullah","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1988.01060130228033","article-title":"Impact of vitamin A supplementation on xerophthalmia: a randomized controlled community trial","volume":"106","author":"Djunaedi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.294.6567.294","article-title":"Vitamin A supplements and mortality related to measles: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"294","author":"Barclay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007193230304","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles","volume":"323","author":"Hussey","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib46","first-page":"1067","article-title":"Vitamin A for measles","volume":"1","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90298-H","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency and childhood mortality","volume":"339","author":"Sommer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib48","series-title":"World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health.","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)91053-3","article-title":"Oral versus intramuscular vitamin A in the treatment of xerophthalmia","volume":"1","author":"Sommer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2000.tb01831.x","article-title":"Meeting requirements for vitamin A","volume":"58","author":"West","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib51","series-title":"Dietary reference intakes.","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(24)90780-X","article-title":"Xerophthalmia, keratomalacia and xerosis conjunctivae","volume":"7","author":"Blegvad","year":"1924","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2920","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2920S","article-title":"Consequences of revised estimates of carotenoid bioefficacy for dietary control of vitamin A deficiency in developing countries","volume":"132","author":"West","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7183.570","article-title":"NNIPS-2 Study Group","volume":"318","author":"West","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70359-1","article-title":"Impact of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on infant morbidity and mortality","volume":"128","author":"Humphrey","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.11.2470","article-title":"Newborn vitamin A dosing reduces the case fatality but not incidence of common childhood morbidities in South India","volume":"137","author":"Tielsch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e242","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3448","article-title":"Newborn vitamin A supplementation reduced infant mortality in rural Bangladesh","volume":"122","author":"Klemm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316622096626?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316622096626?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jn\/article-pdf\/138\/10\/1835\/23901139\/1835.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T19:38:31Z","timestamp":1686598711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022316622096626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022316622096626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3166","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Vitamin A Deficiency and Clinical Disease: An Historical Overview","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/138.10.1835","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}