{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:50:21Z","timestamp":1791208221544,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5488,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419s","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T07:52:16Z","timestamp":1516175536000},"page":"419S-422S","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Adverse Effects of Sodium Chloride on Bone in the Aging Human Population Resulting from Habitual Consumption of Typical American Diets , ,"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Lynda A.","family":"Frassetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"R. Curtis","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah E.","family":"Sellmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.4.929","article-title":"Consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods by adult Americans: nutritional and health implications. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994","volume":"72","author":"Kant","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(99)00193-5","article-title":"Estimates of animal and plant protein intake in US adults: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131991","volume":"99","author":"Smit","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.6.1308","article-title":"Estimation of the net acid load of the diet of ancestral preagricultural Homo sapiens and their hominid ancestors","volume":"76","author":"Sebastian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib4","first-page":"140A","article-title":"Acid-grain: why contemporary diets are net acid-producing","volume":"12","author":"Sebastian","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Soc Neph"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1983.210","article-title":"Effect of diet on plasma acid-base composition in normal humans","volume":"24","author":"Kurtz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib6","first-page":"F1114","article-title":"Effect of age on blood acid-base composition in adult humans: Role of age-related renal functional decline","volume":"271","author":"Frassetto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90045-7","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of chronic metabolic acidosis: homeostatic mechanisms produce significant morbidity","volume":"29","author":"Alpern","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib8","series-title":"Nutritional aspects of osteoporosis","first-page":"208","article-title":"Acid-base imbalance and the skeleton","author":"Bushinsky","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib9","first-page":"65","article-title":"Diet-induced potassium-replete chloride-sufficient chronic low-grade metabolic alkalosis as the naturally-selected optimal systemic acid-base state of humans: Implications for humans","volume":"1","author":"Frassetto","year":"2003","journal-title":"The First Bay Area Clinical Research Symposium Book of Abstracts"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2006.10719576","article-title":"Relationship and interaction between sodium and potassium","volume":"25","author":"Morris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra064486","article-title":"Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension","volume":"356","author":"Adrogue","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198501313120505","article-title":"Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications","volume":"312","author":"Eaton","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1914.00070150122008","article-title":"The specific role of foods in relation to the composition of the urine","volume":"14","author":"Blatherwick","year":"1914","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(95)00219-7","article-title":"Potential renal acid load of foods and its influence on urine pH","volume":"95","author":"Remer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90113-1","article-title":"Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective","volume":"84","author":"Eaton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.1.281S","article-title":"Calcium in evolutionary perspective","volume":"54","author":"Eaton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-198812040-00003","article-title":"The Volhard Lecture: Potassium and sodium in hypertension","volume":"6","author":"Tobian","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib18","series-title":"Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management","first-page":"299","article-title":"The protective effects of high potassium diets in hypertension, and the mechanisms by which high-NaCl diets produce hypertension","author":"Tobian","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib19","first-page":"26","article-title":"Evolutionary aspects of diet: old genes, new fuels. Nutritional changes since agriculture","volume":"81","author":"Eaton","year":"1997","journal-title":"World Rev Nutr Diet"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib20","first-page":"140A","article-title":"Diet-induced potassium-replete chloride-sufficient chronic low-grade metabolic alkalosis as the naturally-selected optimal systemic acid-base state of humans","volume":"12","author":"Sebastian","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Soc Neph"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib21","series-title":"Nutritional aspects of osteoporosis","first-page":"273","article-title":"Effects of diet acid load on bone health","author":"Frassetto","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib22","series-title":"Nutritional aspects of osteoporosis","first-page":"349","article-title":"The natural dietary potassium intake of humans: the effect of diet-induced potassium-replete, chloride-sufficient, chronic low-grade metabolic alkalosis, or stone age diets for the 21st century","author":"Frassetto","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib23","unstructured":"Sebastian A. Evolution, diet, acid-base, and bone. The GCRC Journal 2004 Fall\/Winter 2003\/2004, http:\/\/gcrc.ucsf.edu\/ftproot\/Fall-Winter%202003%202004%20GCRC%20Journal.pdf:8\u201311."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s394-001-8347-4","article-title":"Diet, evolution and aging\u2014the pathophysiologic effects of the post-agricultural inversion of the potassium-to-sodium and base-to-chloride ratios in the human diet","volume":"40","author":"Frassetto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib25","series-title":"Nutritional aspects of osteoporosis","first-page":"357","article-title":"Expression of osteoporosis as determined by diet-disordered electrolyte and acid-base metabolism","author":"Morris","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.3.411","article-title":"Dietary ratio of animal to vegetable protein and rate of bone loss and risk of fracture in postmenopausal women","volume":"74","author":"Sebastian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.26","article-title":"Effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on the growth hormone\/IGF-1 endocrine axis: new cause of growth hormone insensitivity in humans","volume":"51","author":"Brungger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib28","first-page":"F648","article-title":"Effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on thyroid hormone homeostasis in humans","volume":"272","author":"Brungger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib29","first-page":"1349","article-title":"Potassium bicarbonate increases serum growth hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women","volume":"7","author":"Frassetto","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Soc Neph"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(99)00145-3","article-title":"Review of risk factors for osteoporosis with particular reference to a possible aetiological role of dietary salt","volume":"38","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(97)00072-1","article-title":"Salt\u2013more adverse effects","volume":"10","author":"MacGregor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib32","first-page":"859","article-title":"Dietary sodium as a risk factor for osteoporosis: where is the evidence?","volume":"62","author":"Teucher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greeley A. A pinch of controversy shakes up dietary salt. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/fdac\/features\/1997\/797_salt.html. 1997.","DOI":"10.1037\/e543792006-005"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib34","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dietary guidelines for Americans 2005. http:\/\/www.health.gov\/dietaryguidelines\/dga2005\/document\/2005."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib35","unstructured":"Heaney RP. NIH Consensus Development Conference on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy: Nutrition\u2014Beyond Calcium. http:\/\/consensus.nih.gov\/cons\/111\/osteo_abstract.pdf. 2000."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.4.740","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the effect of sodium and calcium intakes on regional bone density in postmenopausal women","volume":"62","author":"Devine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.10.3130","article-title":"The DASH diet and sodium reduction improve markers of bone turnover and calcium metabolism in adults. [use refid 24900]","volume":"133","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600452","article-title":"A population-based study of the relationship between salt intake, bone resorption and bone mass","volume":"51","author":"Jones","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib39","first-page":"512A","article-title":"Dietary sodium as a determinant of bone resorption rate and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women","volume":"15","author":"Frassetto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Soc Neph"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-55-2-369","article-title":"The role of dietary sodium on renal excretion and intestinal absorption of calcium and on vitamin D metabolism","volume":"55","author":"Breslau","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib41","first-page":"107","article-title":"Impaired adaptation to salt-induced urinary calcium losses in postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"98","author":"Breslau","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Am Physicians"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F521","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00048.2007","article-title":"Dietary sodium chloride intake independently predicts the degree of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in healthy humans consuming a net acid-producing diet","volume":"293","author":"Frassetto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.5.8470","article-title":"Potassium citrate prevents increased urine calcium excretion and bone resorption induced by a high sodium chloride diet","volume":"87","author":"Sellmeyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316622095621?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316622095621?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jn\/article-pdf\/138\/2\/419S\/23936596\/419s.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T17:47:08Z","timestamp":1686592028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022316622095621"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022316622095621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419s","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3166","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adverse Effects of Sodium Chloride on Bone in the Aging Human Population Resulting from Habitual Consumption of Typical American Diets,,","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/138.2.419S","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}