{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:53:29Z","timestamp":1776092009712,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa460","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000}}],"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":746,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]],"date-time":"2020-10-07T11:45:03Z","timestamp":1602071103000},"page":"98-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with COVID-19 Incidence and Disease Severity in Chinese People"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"151","author":[{"given":"Xia","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10229","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30633-4","article-title":"Clinical course and mortality risk of severe COVID-19.","volume":"395","author":"Weiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8598","article-title":"COVID-19 and racial\/ethnic disparities.","volume":"323","author":"Webb\u00a0Hooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency.","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2016.1021","article-title":"Vitamin D and chronic diseases.","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib5","first-page":"118","article-title":"Vitamin D: the \u201csunshine\u201d vitamin.","volume":"3","author":"Nair","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Pharmacother."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520001749","article-title":"\u201cScientific strabismus\u201d or two related pandemics: coronavirus disease and vitamin D deficiency.","volume":"124","author":"Kara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.12.006","article-title":"Vitamin D and the anti-viral state.","volume":"50","author":"Beard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Virol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0352","article-title":"An update on the association of vitamin D deficiency with common infectious diseases.","volume":"93","author":"Watkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2032","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2032","article-title":"The interplay between vitamin D and viral infections.","volume":"29","author":"Teymoori-Rad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit289","article-title":"Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and risk of upper respiratory tract infection in children and adolescents.","volume":"57","author":"Science","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i6583","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6583","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data.","volume":"356","author":"Martineau","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.09.050","article-title":"Adverse effects of vitamin D deficiency on outcomes of patients with chronic hepatitis B.","volume":"13","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051359","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2.","volume":"12","author":"D'Avolio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040988","article-title":"Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths.","volume":"12","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15777","article-title":"Editorial: low population mortality from COVID-19 in countries south of latitude 35 degrees north supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity.","volume":"51","author":"Rhodes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-020-01911-4","article-title":"Vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 infection-induced multiple organ damage.","volume":"393","author":"Aygun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.050","article-title":"Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank.","volume":"14","author":"Hastie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000819","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment protocol for novel coronavirus pneumonia (trial version 7).","volume":"133","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med J."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate.","volume":"150","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15495","article-title":"Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study.","volume":"287","author":"Merzon","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meltzer DO, Best TJ, Zhang H, Vokes T, Arora V, Solway J. Association of vitamin D deficiency and treatment with COVID-19 incidence. medRxiv. Published online May 13, 2020. doi: 10.1101\/2020.05.08.20095893.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.08.20095893"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092757","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and outcome of COVID-19 patients.","volume":"12","author":"Radujkovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23118","DOI":"10.4161\/tisb.23118","article-title":"Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, and tissue barriers.","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201000174","article-title":"A review of the critical role of vitamin D in the functioning of the immune system and the clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency.","volume":"55","author":"Schwalfenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2020.05.004","article-title":"COVID-19\u2014does this disease kill due to imbalance of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) caused by genetic and gender differences in the response to viral ACE 2 attack?.","volume":"29","author":"Arnold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7432","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7546","article-title":"Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via regulation of the renin-angiotensin system.","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-020-01372-8","article-title":"The possible pathophysiology mechanism of cytokine storm in elderly adults with COVID-19 infection: the contribution of \u201cinflame-aging\u201d.","volume":"69","author":"Meftahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8120806","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D on human immune cells in the context of bacterial infection.","volume":"8","author":"Hoe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203318801520","article-title":"The anti-thrombotic effects of vitamin D and their possible relationship with antiphospholipid syndrome.","volume":"27","author":"Garcia-Carrasco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lupus."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106564","article-title":"Vitamin D levels and platelet reactivity in diabetic patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy.","volume":"120","author":"Verdoia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vasc Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316622000207?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316622000207?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jn\/article-pdf\/151\/1\/98\/35936325\/nxaa332.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jn\/article-pdf\/151\/1\/98\/35936325\/nxaa332.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T21:01:07Z","timestamp":1686690067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022316622000207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022316622000207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3166","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with COVID-19 Incidence and Disease Severity in Chinese People","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/nxaa332","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/nxaa460","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2021 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}