{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:05:31Z","timestamp":1790435131264,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":585,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T12:16:16Z","timestamp":1613823376000},"page":"1947-1955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Decreased Iron Intake Parallels Rising Iron Deficiency Anemia and Related Mortality Rates in the US Population"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"151","author":[{"given":"Hongbing","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie M","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08741.x","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of anemia of chronic disease: current status.","volume":"154","author":"Cullis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Haematol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2016.09.004","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia.","volume":"101","author":"DeLoughery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a011866","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a011866","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia: a common and curable disease.","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib4","article-title":"Hemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anemia and assessment of severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System.","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib5","article-title":"WHO global database on anemia.","author":"de Benoist","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-508325","article-title":"A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010.","volume":"123","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.04.061","article-title":"Anemia and mortality in heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"52","author":"Groenveld","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.01.017","article-title":"Iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: an international pooled analysis.","volume":"165","author":"Klip","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Heart J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.960906","article-title":"Iron deficiency in community-dwelling US adults with self-reported heart failure in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III: prevalence and associations with anemia and inflammation.","volume":"4","author":"Parikh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds112","article-title":"Prevalence and management of cancer-related anemia, iron deficiency and the specific role of i.v. iron.","volume":"23","author":"Aapro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Oncol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.6.1381","article-title":"Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States.","volume":"107","author":"Halterman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-011-0351-7","article-title":"Iron deficiency can cause cognitive impairment in geriatric patients.","volume":"16","author":"Yavuz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxx036","article-title":"Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)\u2014iron review.","volume":"148","author":"Lynch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib14","first-page":"98","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia: evaluation and management.","volume":"87","author":"Short","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib15","unstructured":"NIH. Iron. Fact sheet for health professionals [Internet].Bethesda,MD:NIH Office of Dietary Supplements; 2020 [cited 16 October, 2020]. Available from: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Iron-HealthProfessio nal\/#en79."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0166635","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166635","article-title":"The prevalence of anemia and moderate-severe anemia in the US population (NHANES 2003-2012).","volume":"11","author":"Le","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib17","unstructured":"CDC, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) comprehensive data list. [Internet]. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS; 2020; [cited 26 April, 2020]. Available from: >https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/search\/datapage.aspx."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib18","unstructured":"CDC, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NCHS Research Ethics Review Board (ERB) approval. [Internet]. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS; 2017[cited 22 March, 2021]. Available from: >https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/irba98.htm."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib19","unstructured":"CDC, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). NHANES 2017\u20132018 laboratory methods. [Internet]. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS; 2021; [cited 7 February, 2021]. Available from: >https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/continuousnhanes\/labmethods.aspx?BeginYear=2017."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib20","unstructured":"CDC. CDC wonder. [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2020; [cited 16 October, 2020]. Available from: >https:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Age standardization of death rates: implementation of the year 2000 standard.","volume":"47","author":"Anderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib22","article-title":"USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, release 11-28.","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib23","article-title":"USDA, Ag Data Commons.","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib24","unstructured":"USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS). Food availability per capita data system. [Internet]. Washington (DC): USDA ERS; 2021; [cited 6 February, 2021]. Available from: >https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/data-products\/food-availability-per-capita-data-system\/."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib25","article-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc: report of the Panel on Micronutrients.","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib26","article-title":"Epidemiologic research: principles and quantitative methods.","author":"Kleinbaum","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib27","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). NHANES sampling weights, module 3: weighting. [Internet]. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS; 2021; [cited 7 February, 2021]. Available from: >https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/tutorials\/module3.aspx."},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4638","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.4638","article-title":"A guide to diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in digestive diseases.","volume":"15","author":"Bermejo","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00435.x","article-title":"Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in the first two years of life: strategies to prevent loss of developmental potential.","volume":"69","author":"Black","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.5.1024","article-title":"Iron supplement use and iron status among US adults: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.","volume":"82","author":"Blanck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib31","first-page":"CD012150","article-title":"Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes.","volume":"7","author":"Centeno Tablante","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib32","unstructured":"USDA, Economic Research Service. Americans consume mostly U.S.-made food, produce. [Internet]. Denver, CO: Western Livestock Journal; 2018; [updated 21 December, 2020]. Available from: https:\/\/www.wlj.net\/top_headlines\/americans-consume-mostly-u-s\u2013made-food-produce\/article_a76f95f0-5857-11e8-8922-47f84163101f.html."},{"issue":"1482-2016-121438","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib33","first-page":"14","article-title":"What we eat in America: USDA surveys food consumption changes.","volume":"19","author":"Borrud","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food Rev\/Natl Food Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.44.1.15","article-title":"Declining fruit and vegeTable nutrient composition: what is the evidence?.","volume":"44","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"HortScience."},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11121","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c05139","article-title":"Rise in potassium deficiency in the US population links to agriculture practices and dietary potassium deficits.","volume":"68","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib36","article-title":"The nature and properties of soils.","author":"Weil","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib37","unstructured":"National Chicken Council. Per capita consumption of poultry and livestock, 1960 to forecast 2021, in pounds. [Internet]. Washington (DC): National Chicken Council; 2020; [cited 16 October, 2020]. Available from: >https:\/\/www.nationalchickencouncil.org\/about-the-industry\/statistics\/per-capita-consumption-of-poultry-and-livestock-1965-to-estimated-2012-in-pounds\/"},{"key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib38","unstructured":"Desilver D. What's on your Table? How America's diet has changed over the decades. [Internet]. Washington (DC): Pew Research Center; 2016[cited 22 March, 2021]. Available from: >https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2016\/12\/13\/whats-on-your-Table-how-americas-diet-has-changed-over-the-decades\/."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1147","article-title":"Prediction of dietary iron absorption: an algorithm for calculating absorption and bioavailability of dietary iron.","volume":"71","author":"Hallberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2005.11511995","article-title":"Historical variation in the mineral composition of edible horticultural products.","volume":"80","author":"White","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hortic Sci Biotech."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28674F","article-title":"Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values.","volume":"91","author":"Hurrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.6.1974S","article-title":"Iron supplement use among females in the United States: science, policy and practice.","volume":"133","author":"Cogswell","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.7491","article-title":"Dietary intake among US adults, 1999-2012.","volume":"315","author":"Rehm","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab064_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2019.01.006","article-title":"Disorders of iron metabolism: new diagnostic and treatment approaches to iron deficiency.","volume":"33","author":"Powers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316622002413?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316622002413?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jn\/article-pdf\/151\/7\/1947\/38844595\/nxab064.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jn\/article-pdf\/151\/7\/1947\/38844595\/nxab064.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T21:12:44Z","timestamp":1686690764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022316622002413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022316622002413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/nxab064","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3166","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Decreased Iron Intake Parallels Rising Iron Deficiency Anemia and Related Mortality Rates in the US Population","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/nxab064","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2021 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}