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Cancer incidences were ascertained by review of medical records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the multivariable-adjusted model incident, T2D was associated with higher risk of cancers in the colorectum, lung, pancreas, esophagus, liver, thyroid, breast, and endometrium. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) ranged from 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06 to 1.38) for colorectal cancer to 3.39 (95% CI = 2.24 to 5.12) for liver cancer. For both composite cancer outcomes and individual cancers, the elevated risks did not further increase after 8\u2009years of T2D duration. The hazard ratio for total cancer was 1.28 (95% CI = 1.17 to 1.40) for T2D duration of 4.1-6.0\u2009years, 1.37 (95% CI = 1.25 to 1.50) for 6.1-8.0\u2009years, 1.21 (95% CI = 1.09 to 1.35) for 8.1-10.0\u2009years, and 1.04 (95% CI = 0.95 to 1.14) after 15.0\u2009years. In a cross-sectional analysis, a higher level of plasma C-peptide was found among participants with prevalent T2D of up to 8\u2009years than those without T2D, whereas a higher level of HbA1c was found for those with prevalent T2D of up to 15\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incident T2D was associated with higher cancer risk, which peaked at approximately 8\u2009years after diabetes diagnosis. Similar duration-dependent pattern was observed for plasma C-peptide. Our findings support a role of hyperinsulinemia in cancer development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djaa141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T07:10:13Z","timestamp":1598944213000},"page":"381-389","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Incident Type 2 Diabetes Duration and Cancer Risk: A Prospective Study in Two US Cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0200-5951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0708-9648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kana","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. 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Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Giovannucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. 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