{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T18:44:49Z","timestamp":1777315489463,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique\u2014FNRS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A minority of phase III trials in gastrointestinal oncology are positive. We assessed the association between their outcome and the level and characteristics of preexisting evidence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>EMBASE, PubMed, and proceedings from international meetings were searched for phase III gastrointestinal cancer trials (gastroesophageal, hepatocellular, biliary tract, pancreatic, small bowel, colorectal, anal, stromal, and neuroendocrine) between January 2000 and June 2020. Trials investigating anticancer drugs for advanced disease, with superiority design and standard treatments as control were eligible. The highest level of preexisting evidence was retrieved from the main study report.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 193 phase III trials were included, and 69 (35.8%) met their primary endpoint. Positivity rates were as follows: gastroesophageal 37%, colorectal 48%, pancreatic 17.1%, hepatocellular 20%, neuroendocrine 75%, and both biliary tract and GIST 60%. No information about preexisting evidence was found for 44 trials (22.8%).\u00a0For the remaining 149, preexisting evidence consisted of phase II studies in 123 cases (82.6%) and phase I studies in 26 cases (17.4%). The probability of success was 34.1%, 35.8%, and 35.7%, respectively (P\u2009=\u2009.934). No parameter from prior studies predicted the outcome of phase III trials except \u03b2 &amp;lt; .2 (P\u2009=\u2009.048). A numerically increased success rate was observed for phase III trials preceded by positive phase II studies (41.9% vs 18.5%, P\u2009=\u2009.2).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There does not appear to be an association between level of prior evidence and success of phase III gastrointestinal cancer trials. These data, along with the high phase III failure rate, highlight the need to improve the drug development process in this setting.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djad030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T15:36:04Z","timestamp":1676043364000},"page":"505-513","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preexisting evidence and outcome of phase III trials in gastrointestinal oncology: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4051-0449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Bregni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, The Brussels University Hospital (HUB) , Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Trevisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland\u2014EOC , Bellinzona, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Sa\u00fade Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, The Brussels University Hospital (HUB) , Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Vanhooren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, The Brussels University Hospital (HUB) , Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tugba","family":"Akin Telli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, The Brussels University Hospital (HUB) , Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Assaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, The Brussels University Hospital (HUB) , Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Hendlisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, The Brussels University Hospital (HUB) , Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8906-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Di Maio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Turin, at A.O. 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