{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T19:40:48Z","timestamp":1793648448478,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010628","name":"Center for Tobacco Products","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"NCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81\/15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C20\/A5860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C20\/A5860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Studying carcinogens in tobacco and nontobacco sources may be key to understanding the pathogenesis and geographic distribution of esophageal cancer.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Golestan Cohort Study has been conducted since 2004 in a region with high rates of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. For this nested study, the cases comprised of all incident cases by January 1, 2018; controls were matched to the case by age, sex, residence, time in cohort, and tobacco use. We measured urinary concentrations of 33 exposure biomarkers of nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for associations between the 90th vs the 10th percentiles of the biomarker concentrations and incident esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among individuals who did not currently use tobacco (148 cases and 163 controls), 2 acrolein metabolites, 2 acrylonitrile metabolites, 1 propylene oxide metabolite, and one 1,3-butadiene metabolite were significantly associated with incident esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (adjusted odds ratios between 1.8 and 4.3). Among tobacco users (57 cases and 63 controls), metabolites of 2 other volatile organic compounds (styrene and xylene) were associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OR\u2009=\u20096.2 and 9.0, respectively). In tobacco users, 2 tobacco-specific nitrosamines (NNN and N\u2019-Nitrosoanatabine) were also associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Suggestive associations were seen with some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially 2-hydroxynaphthalene) in nonusers of tobacco products and other tobacco-specific nitrosamines in tobacco users.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These novel associations based on individual-level data and samples collected many years before cancer diagnosis, from a population without occupational exposure, have important public health implications.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djad218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T17:28:59Z","timestamp":1697736539000},"page":"379-388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines and incidence of esophageal cancer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3458-1072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arash","family":"Etemadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4566-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Poustchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver and Pancreaticobilliary Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy M","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9796-7482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia M","family":"Calafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin C","family":"Blount","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie S","family":"Sosnoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Nalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Khoshnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akram","family":"Pourshams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Sotoudeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell H","family":"Gail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanford M","family":"Dawsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farin","family":"Kamangar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University , Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Boffetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna, 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