{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:00:51Z","timestamp":1789722051854,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program at the National Cancer Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent media reporting has suggested an increase in the incidence of rare cancers in 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, raising concern for possible carcinogenic effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. We aimed to identify cancers that increased in incidence in the United States during 2021 compared with 2018-2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER-22) using a systematic classification schema including rare cancers. We estimated age-standardized incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) comparing the year 2021 to 2018-2019 for 693 individual cancer types and highlight those with an aIRR\u2009&amp;gt;\u20091 based on a Bonferroni-corrected P-value threshold. Cancer types of particular interest included cholangiocarcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and lung cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 693 unique cancer types evaluated, 9 showed a significant increase in incidence in 2021 compared with 2018-2019 and did not also increase in prior years, including 4 subtypes of thymoma (type-A aIRR\u2009=\u20092.50; type-AB aIRR\u2009=\u20092.78; type-B aIRR\u2009=\u20091.90; type not otherwise specified aIRR\u2009=\u20091.60), granulosa cell tumor of the ovary (aIRR\u2009=\u20092.72), peripheral neuroectodermal tumors of the bone (aIRR\u2009=\u200910.6) and soft tissue (aIRR\u2009=\u20093.20), pheochromocytoma (aIRR\u2009=\u20094.59), and paraganglioma (aIRR\u2009=\u20093.30). Increases for all 9 cancer types could be attributed to changes in cancer registry reporting practice. Cancer types of particular interest did not increase in incidence during 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study does not support an increase in cancer incidence in the United States in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to monitor future trends, which may reveal longer-term effects of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djaf175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T08:04:02Z","timestamp":1751443442000},"page":"1915-1924","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Incidence of rare cancers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a US population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8211-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron B","family":"Haas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-5990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Management Services Inc , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8390-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith S","family":"Shiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7791-2698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth M","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric A","family":"Engels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and 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