{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:06:34Z","timestamp":1792785994753,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Program of Cancer Registries"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lymphomas are among the most common malignancies in people with HIV. Although the widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy has substantially reduced the risk of lymphoma among people with HIV, data on specific lymphoma subtypes remain limited and outdated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from the HIV\/AIDS Cancer Match Study, a US cohort linking cancer and HIV registries and including 822\u2009702 people with HIV, we assessed the relative risks of 14 lymphoma subtypes by calendar period and age group between 2001 and 2019. We estimated the risk of lymphoma subtypes using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and registry. Trends of standardized incidence ratios for lymphoma subtypes across calendar periods were estimated using Poisson regression overall and by age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 6577 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases and 1783 Hodgkin lymphomas cases between 2001 and 2019. Standardized incidence ratios declined notably over time for most NHL subtypes, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, central nervous system NHL, and follicular lymphoma. Between 2015 and 2019, lymphoma subtypes with elevated risk among people with HIV included diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (SIR\u2009=\u20095.38, 95% CI\u2009=\u20095.02 to 5.76), Burkitt lymphoma (SIR\u2009=\u200915.1, 95% CI\u2009=\u200912.6 to 17.9), peripheral T-cell lymphoma (SIR\u2009=\u20091.68, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.26 to 2.20), central nervous system lymphoma (SIR\u2009=\u20098.85, 95% CI\u2009=\u20097.05 to 11.0), nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR\u2009=\u20094.04, 95% CI\u2009=\u20093.22 to 5.02), and other classic Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR\u2009=\u20098.99, 95% CI\u2009=\u20098.00 to 10.1). For most lymphoma subtypes, standardized incidence ratios for the 20- to 39-year-old-group were higher than for the 40- to 59-year-old and 60- to 84-year-old groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk of lymphomas among people with HIV in the United States declined between 2001 and 2019, with variations across histological subtypes and age groups. Despite overall declines, several NHL subtypes and Hodgkin lymphoma risk remained elevated, underscoring the continued lymphoma burden among people with HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djaf244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T11:43:51Z","timestamp":1755863031000},"page":"2505-2512","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Risk of lymphoma among people with HIV in the United States, 2001-2019"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2899-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9390-9448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianlai","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8211-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron B","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8273-9831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam M","family":"Mbulaiteye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3993-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Cancer Registry, Maryland Department of Health , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0128-9212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colby","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/AIDS Section, Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Florida Department of Health , Tallahassee, FL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen S","family":"Pawlish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Jersey State Cancer Registry, New Jersey Department of Health , Trenton, NJ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai","family":"Cherala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Cancer Registry, Massachusetts Department of Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric A","family":"Engels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9767-2310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay M","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8390-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith S","family":"Shiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e495","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30125-X","article-title":"Cancer risk in HIV-infected people in the USA from 1996 to 2012: a population-based, registry-linkage study","volume":"4","author":"Hernandez-Ramirez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2524","article-title":"B cells in HIV infection and disease","volume":"9","author":"Moir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-11-681411","article-title":"A lymphomagenic role for HIV beyond immune suppression?","volume":"127","author":"Dolcetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B4","first-page":"e2009032","article-title":"EBV and HIV-related lymphoma","volume":"1","author":"Bibas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-021-03824-y","article-title":"Estimating the global burden of Epstein-Barr virus-related cancers","volume":"148","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102370","article-title":"Estimates of the global burden of non-Hodgkin lymphoma attributable to HIV: a population attributable modeling study","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.294","article-title":"Risk of lymphoma subtypes after solid organ transplantation in the United States","volume":"109","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-0240","article-title":"Chronic Hepatitis B and C virus infection and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV-infected patients: a cohort study","volume":"166","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603229","article-title":"Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: a European multi-centre case-control study (EPILYMPH)","volume":"95","author":"Besson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23385","article-title":"Burkitt lymphoma risk in U.S. solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"88","author":"Mbulaiteye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e594","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30126-5","article-title":"HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"7","author":"Atallah-Yunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001251","article-title":"Initiation of antiretroviral therapy based on the 2015 WHO guidelines","volume":"30","author":"Kuznik","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30342-8","article-title":"Universal health care needed to end HIV epidemic in the USA","volume":"8","author":"Goedel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-643569","article-title":"The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"127","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B15","first-page":"31","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS associated lymphoma: review","volume":"12","author":"Berhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Lymphat Cancer"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000238411.75324.59","article-title":"Trends in cancer risk among people with AIDS in the United States 1980-2002","volume":"20","author":"Engels","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e641","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30118-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of haematological malignancies in people living with HIV","volume":"7","author":"Kimani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e635","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(23)00199-6","article-title":"Lymphomas included in the AIDS case definition: an update 30 years later","volume":"10","author":"Vaccher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000428","article-title":"Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes in HIV-infected people during the HAART era: a population-based study","volume":"28","author":"Gibson","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61050-2","article-title":"Incidence of cancers in people with HIV\/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysis","volume":"370","author":"Grulich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B21","first-page":"5","article-title":"Epidemiology of non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"9","author":"Thandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-7-201010050-00008","article-title":"Age at cancer diagnosis among persons with AIDS in the United States","volume":"153","author":"Shiels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B23","author":"Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2025.1589","article-title":"Cancer incidence and trends in US adults with HIV","volume":"11","author":"Haas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jama Oncol"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae555","article-title":"Differences in trends in cancer incidence rates among people with HIV during 2001-2019 by race and ethnicity and by risk group in the United States","volume":"80","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30360-6","article-title":"Association of immunosuppression and HIV viraemia with non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk overall and by subtype in people living with HIV in Canada and the USA: a multicentre cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Hernandez-Ramirez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.4648","article-title":"Immune status and associated mortality after cancer treatment among individuals with HIV in the antiretroviral therapy era","volume":"6","author":"Calkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama Oncol"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019004","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2019.004","article-title":"HIV and lymphoma: from epidemiology to clinical management","volume":"11","author":"Re","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1452","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus: 40 years on","volume":"4","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.08.014","article-title":"Immune control of oncogenic gamma-herpesviruses","volume":"14","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000004154","article-title":"Primary effusion lymphoma in people with and without HIV infection in the United States","volume":"39","author":"Volesky-Avellaneda","year":"2025","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1517\/17530059.2012.686996","article-title":"Risk factors of follicular lymphoma","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin Med Diagn"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21037\/aol-20-28","article-title":"Epidemiology of marginal zone lymphoma","volume":"5","author":"Cerhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Lymphoma"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2016.11.005","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphomas: a minireview","volume":"8","author":"Khaled","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.06.007","article-title":"Aging of the human innate immune system in HIV infection","volume":"29","author":"Zapata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2802","article-title":"Immunity and immunopathology to viruses: what decides the outcome?","volume":"10","author":"Rouse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr076","article-title":"Cancer burden in the HIV-infected population in the United States","volume":"103","author":"Shiels","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2768","article-title":"Cumulative incidence of cancer among persons with HIV in North America: a cohort study","volume":"163","author":"Silverberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042909-093756","article-title":"HIV infection, inflammation, immunosenescence, and aging","volume":"62","author":"Deeks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-018-0028-z","article-title":"Evaluation of Epstein-Barr virus salivary shedding in HIV\/AIDS patients and HAART use: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361009","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1361009","article-title":"Carcinogenic mechanisms of virus-associated lymphoma","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e760","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30234-6","article-title":"Adolescent HIV treatment in South Africa\u2019s national HIV programme: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Maskew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e614","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00158-2","article-title":"Cancer risk in adolescents and young adults living with HIV in South Africa: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Ruffieux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2025120718571156500_djaf244-B44","author":"U.S. Census Bureau","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jnci\/djaf244\/64141020\/djaf244.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/article-pdf\/117\/12\/2505\/64141020\/djaf244.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/article-pdf\/117\/12\/2505\/64141020\/djaf244.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T23:57:26Z","timestamp":1765151846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/article\/117\/12\/2505\/8241972"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djaf244","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8874","1460-2105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8874","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]}}}