{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T03:27:11Z","timestamp":1780975631029,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030692","name":"Intramural Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z1A ES103325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z1A ES103325"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z01 ES 44005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01 ES 44005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z1A ES103332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z1A ES103332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Use of hair straighteners and chemical relaxers has been associated with increased incidence of breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers. However, their potential association with non-reproductive cancers remains unknown, despite evidence that some ingredients in these products may be genotoxic. We therefore examined use of hair straighteners and chemical relaxers in relation to the incidence of non-reproductive cancers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from 46\u200a287 cancer-free women aged 35-74 years from the Sister Study, a US-wide cohort enrolled between 2003 and 2009. Participants reported frequency of hair straightener and chemical relaxer use in the 12\u2009months prior to enrollment. Incident cancers (melanoma, thyroid, lung, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, pancreatic, colorectal, and kidney cancers) were self-reported and confirmed with pathology reports when possible. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for hair straightener and chemical relaxer use and incident cancers, adjusting for age, race and ethnicity, educational attainment, and smoking status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During a median follow-up of 13.1\u2009years, use of hair straighteners and chemical relaxers was associated with a higher incidence of thyroid cancer (n\u2009=\u2009225 cases; HR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.89), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n\u2009=\u2009313 cases; HR = 1.62, 95% CI = 0.94 to 2.80), and pancreatic cancer (n\u2009=\u2009138 cases; HR = 2.66, 95% CI = 1.25 to 5.66). There was little evidence of dose response with increasing frequency of use. We observed negligible or imprecise associations for the remaining cancer types.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Use of hair straighteners and chemical relaxers may be associated with a higher incidence of thyroid cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and pancreatic cancer. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djaf280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T11:51:17Z","timestamp":1758369077000},"page":"94-101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Use of hair straighteners and chemical relaxers and incidence of non-reproductive cancers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1417-0921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared T","family":"Bailey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0352-7572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Che-Jung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology 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