{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:06:37Z","timestamp":1792785997829,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute","award":["Z-CP010125-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z-CP010125-28"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES027696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES027696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Washington Interdisciplinary Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment","award":["P30ES007033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES007033"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"EPA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD831697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD831697"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"EPA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD-83830001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD-83830001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Outdoor air pollution, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5), is an established carcinogen, yet few studies evaluate its associations with prostate cancer risk, and findings are mixed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used spatiotemporal prediction models to estimate annual average historical residential PM2.5 (1980-2017) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (1990-2017) concentrations for\u2009289\u2009299 men aged 50\u2009years and older in the National Institutes of Health\u2013AARP Diet and Health Study, enrolled from 6 states and 2 metro areas in 1995-1996, followed through 2018. We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals of associations between 5-year average PM2.5 and NO2 and incident prostate cancer, overall and by tumor aggressiveness (ie, advanced [n\u2009=\u20095791], high-grade [ie, Gleason score \u22658, n\u2009=\u20095793], fatal [n\u2009=\u20093057]). We evaluated interactions with hypothesized effect modifiers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Historical PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations were not associated with prostate cancer risk overall (10-year lagged PM2.5 HR per 5\u2009\u00b5g\/m3 = 1.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.98 to 1.02; 10-year lagged NO2 HR per 10\u2009ppb\u2009=\u20091.00, 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.01). Some positive trends were observed for aggressive disease (eg, high-grade: 10-year lagged PM2.5 HR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.09; advanced: 10-year lagged NO2 HR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.08). Stratified analyses also showed stronger associations for aggressive disease among Hispanic men (eg, high-grade: NO2 HR\u2009=\u20091.25, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.48; P = .01 for interaction). Heterogeneity was also evident by urbanicity (high-grade: P = .01 for interaction, PM2.5 and NO2) and state (advanced: P = .05 for interaction, NO2), potentially reflecting air pollution mixture heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this large US cohort, historical residential PM2.5 or NO2 concentrations were not associated with prostate cancer risk overall; however, risk was elevated in some subgroups and for aggressive outcomes. Future evaluation of air pollution mixture components may clarify observed subgroup differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djag137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:18:17Z","timestamp":1777893497000},"page":"1907-1918","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Outdoor air pollution and prostate cancer risk in the National Institutes of Health\u2013AARP Diet and Health Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3748-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia","family":"Marcus Post","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI) , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, NCI , Rockville, MD,","place":["United 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