{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T21:20:07Z","timestamp":1794000007577,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L40CA274778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L40CA274778"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA255269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA255269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA284748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA284748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA268143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA268143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences at the National Institutes of Health","award":["KLTR002387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLTR002387"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pw6fb54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"US Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA240267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA240267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"US Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-22-1-0654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-22-1-0654"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alex\u2019s Lemonade Stand Foundation","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038ja4880","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Clinical Trials Network Operations Center","award":["U10CA180886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10CA180886"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01a2yyy59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed trends in survival of children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer in the United States from 1975 to 2022 using the National Cancer Institute\u2019s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 8 and 17 databases. Our goal was to provide an updated overview of outcomes and highlight disparities to guide future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were obtained from the SEER 8 and 17 registries for patients diagnosed at ages 0-19\u2009years. Overall survival was stratified by race and ethnicity, diagnosis, and population density. Temporal trends in 5-year overall survival were evaluated using the National Cancer Institute Joinpoint Regression Program. Kaplan\u2013Meier survival curves with log-rank tests assessed survival differences across subgroups. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models evaluated overall survival, adjusted for age, decade of diagnosis, and race and ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 52\u2009165 patients were diagnosed with cancer in SEER 8 and 100\u2009110 in SEER 17. Five-year overall survival for all cancers improved from 60% (95% CI\u2009=\u200956% to 64%) in 1975 to 90% (95% CI\u2009=\u200988% to 91%) in 2017. Survival gains were greatest in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with more modest improvements in solid tumors. Mortality beyond 20\u2009years persisted for some cancers, including Hodgkin lymphoma. Survival differed statistically by race and ethnicity (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), with non-Hispanic Black patients experiencing the lowest 5-year overall survival across multiple cancers, even after adjusting for age and decade of diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Survival for childhood and adolescent cancers has markedly improved over the past 5 decades, yet progress remains uneven across cancer types and race and ethnicity. Understanding drivers of disparities is essential to achieve equitable outcomes for all young cancer patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djag155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T11:47:30Z","timestamp":1778672850000},"page":"1919-1932","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advances and disparities in survival of childhood and adolescent cancers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1300-1662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay F","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital of Chicago , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5202-1231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Austin","family":"Wesevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5053-6511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian R","family":"Englum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Maryland , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudarshawn","family":"Damodharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9658-3156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ami V","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8497-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore W","family":"Laetsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Oncology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-1678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dezheng","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9394-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara O","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital of Chicago , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B1","author":"Howlader","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deaths: leading Causes for 2019","volume":"70","author":"Heron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21637","article-title":"Cancer statistics for adolescents and young adults, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70043","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70043","article-title":"Cancer Statistics, 2026","volume":"76","author":"Siegel","year":"2026","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2008.21.1425","article-title":"Late mortality among 5-year survivors of childhood cancer: a summary from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"27","author":"Armstrong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21219","article-title":"Childhood and Adolescent Cancer Statistics, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21665","article-title":"Recent progress in the treatment of cancer in children","volume":"71","author":"Butler","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djaa107","article-title":"Poverty and targeted immunotherapy: survival in children\u2019s oncology group clinical trials for high-risk neuroblastoma","volume":"113","author":"Bona","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30089","article-title":"Racial disparities in the survival of American children, adolescents, and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"122","author":"Kahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:134499","volume-title":"Declines in Cancer Death Rates among Youth: United States, 2001\u20132021. NCHS Data Brief, no 484","author":"Curtin","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcped.2023.100022","article-title":"Persistence of racial and ethnic disparities in risk and survival for patients with neuroblastoma over two decades","volume":"2","author":"Chennakesavalu","year":"2023","journal-title":"EJC Paediatr Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2010.29.6103","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in risk and survival in children with neuroblastoma: a Children\u2019s Oncology Group study","volume":"29","author":"Henderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djae103","article-title":"Poverty, race, ethnicity, and survival in pediatric nonmetastatic osteosarcoma: a Children\u2019s Oncology Group report","volume":"116","author":"Ilcisin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2458531","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.58531","article-title":"Racial and ethnic survival disparities among children with high-risk neuroblastoma: a children\u2019s oncology group report","volume":"8","author":"Umaretiya","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B15","author":"Data from: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20910","article-title":"International classification of childhood cancer, third edition","volume":"103","author":"Steliarova-Foucher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21773","article-title":"Classification schemes for tumors diagnosed in adolescents and young adults","volume":"106","author":"Barr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac161","article-title":"CBTRUS statistical report: pediatric brain tumor foundation childhood and adolescent primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2014-2018","volume":"24","author":"Ostrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0258(20000215)19:3&lt;335::aid-sim336&gt;3.0.co","article-title":"Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Statist. Med"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B20","author":"Joinpoint Trend Analysis Software","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21565","article-title":"Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(19)30031-2","article-title":"Comparative features and outcomes between paediatric T-cell and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","volume":"20","author":"Teachey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2024.161953","article-title":"Racial and ethnic survival disparities in pediatric oncology over time: an analysis of the SEER registry","volume":"60","author":"Kus","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31742","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.31742","article-title":"Inequities in pediatric cancer: unveiling the impact of social determinants of health on survival","volume":"72","author":"Chidiac","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-023-01342-z","article-title":"Excess risk of chronic health conditions in Hispanic survivors of adolescent and young adult cancers","volume":"18","author":"Berkman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cancer Surviv"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34646","article-title":"Ethnic-specific predictors of neurotoxicity among patients with pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia after high-dose methotrexate","volume":"129","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28748","article-title":"Declining childhood and adolescent cancer mortality","volume":"120","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30585","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.30585","article-title":"Children\u2019s oncology group blueprint for research: acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"70 Suppl 6","author":"Raetz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5579","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.23.01286","article-title":"Advancing diagnostics and therapy to reach universal cure in childhood ALL","volume":"41","author":"Pieters","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019003191","article-title":"A validated novel continuous prognostic index to deliver stratified medicine in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"135","author":"Enshaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2017.74.0449","article-title":"Genotype-specific minimal residual disease interpretation improves stratification in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"36","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000163","article-title":"Clinical diagnostics and treatment strategies for Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"4","author":"Harvey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0307-6","article-title":"Minimal residual disease quantification by flow cytometry provides reliable risk stratification in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"33","author":"Modvig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.currproblcancer.2021.100777","article-title":"Pediatric brain tumors: the era of molecular diagnostics, targeted and immune-based therapeutics, and a focus on long term neurologic sequelae","volume":"45","author":"Plant-Fox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9725","article-title":"Conventional and advanced MRI features of pediatric intracranial tumors: posterior fossa and suprasellar tumors","volume":"200","author":"Plaza","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W483","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9724","article-title":"Conventional and advanced MRI features of pediatric intracranial tumors: supratentorial tumors","volume":"200","author":"Borja","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4118","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.22.02200","article-title":"Children\u2019s oncology group AALL1331: phase III trial of Blinatumomab in children, adolescents, and young adults with low-risk B-cell ALL in first relapse","volume":"41","author":"Hogan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2411680","article-title":"Blinatumomab in standard-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children","volume":"392","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6442-2","article-title":"A phase 2 study of trametinib for patients with pediatric glioma or plexiform neurofibroma with refractory tumor and activation of the MAPK\/ERK pathway: TRAM-01","volume":"19","author":"Perreault","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2303815","article-title":"Dabrafenib plus Trametinib in Pediatric Glioma with BRAF V600 Mutations","volume":"389","author":"Bouffet","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915315","article-title":"Rituximab for high-risk, mature B-cell non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma in children","volume":"382","author":"Minard-Colin","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16461","article-title":"Treatment of relapsed\/refractory paediatric aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"189","author":"Moleti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13092075","article-title":"Treatment and outcome analysis of 639 relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphomas in children and adolescents and resulting treatment recommendations","volume":"13","author":"Burkhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15753","article-title":"Advances in cellular and humoral immunotherapy - implications for the treatment of poor risk childhood, adolescent, and young adult B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"185","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-3026(22)00371-4","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in childhood and young adult acute lymphocytic leukaemia: secondary analyses of eight Children\u2019s Oncology Group cohort trials","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28738","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.28738","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in survival of children with brain and central nervous tumors in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Haizel-Cobbina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34121","article-title":"Minority children experience a higher risk of death from many central nervous system tumor types even after accounting for treatment received: a National Cancer Database analysis","volume":"128","author":"Moore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16491","article-title":"Improved survival for adolescents and young adults with Hodgkin lymphoma and continued high survival for children in the Netherlands: a population-based study during 1990-2015","volume":"189","author":"Reedijk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-3026(21)00349-5","article-title":"Survival by age in paediatric and adolescent patients with Hodgkin lymphoma: a retrospective pooled analysis of children\u2019s oncology group trials","volume":"9","author":"Kahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.23090","article-title":"Twenty-five year follow-up of childhood Wilms tumor: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"57","author":"Termuhlen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e329","DOI":"10.1097\/hs9.0000000000000329","article-title":"Risk and response adapted treatment guidelines for managing first relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma in children and young people. recommendations from the EuroNet pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma group","volume":"4","author":"Daw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-10-184143","article-title":"A risk-adapted, response-based approach using ABVE-PC for children and adolescents with intermediate-and high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma: the results of P9425","volume":"114","author":"Schwartz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206660","article-title":"Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy in pediatric high-risk Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"387","author":"Castellino","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2405888","article-title":"Nivolumab+AVD in advanced-stage classic Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"391","author":"Herrera","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7312","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2005.01.2799","article-title":"Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group","volume":"23","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.18.01972","article-title":"Augmentation of therapy for combined loss of heterozygosity 1p and 16q in favorable histology Wilms tumor: a children\u2019s oncology group AREN0532 and AREN0533 study report","volume":"37","author":"Dix","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31000","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.31000","article-title":"Anaplasia in Wilms tumor: a critical review","volume":"71","author":"Vujani\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2001.19.17.3719","article-title":"Treatment with nephrectomy only for small, stage I\/favorable histology Wilms\u2019 tumor: a report from the National Wilms\u2019 Tumor Study Group","volume":"19","author":"Green","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1097\/sla.0000000000001716","article-title":"Clinical outcome and biological predictors of relapse after nephrectomy only for very low-risk Wilms tumor: a report from children\u2019s oncology group AREN0532","volume":"265","author":"Fernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.15168","article-title":"Surgical management of prepubertal testicular tumors: a 30-year study in our institution","volume":"30","author":"Nishio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2021.02.024","article-title":"Management trends in pediatric nonseminomatous germ cell tumors","volume":"156","author":"Koehne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2024.02.017","article-title":"Impact of surgical timing (primary, delayed, or second look) on surgical morbidity and outcomes in malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary in children","volume":"59","author":"Qureshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2023.04.022","article-title":"Ovarian-sparing surgery for ovarian tumors in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Pio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2018.12.021","article-title":"Fertility and hormone preservation and restoration for female children and adolescents receiving gonadotoxic cancer treatments: a systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Corkum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877537","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.877537","article-title":"Fertility preservation and restoration options for pre-pubertal male cancer patients: current approaches","volume":"13","author":"Eugeni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2021.7042","article-title":"Integration of pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma treatment and late effects guidelines: seeing the forest beyond the trees","volume":"19","author":"Ehrhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16197","article-title":"Closing the survivorship gap in children and adolescents with Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"187","author":"Castellino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.22.02111","article-title":"Late health outcomes among survivors of Wilms tumor diagnosed over three decades: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study","volume":"41","author":"Weil","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13143561","article-title":"Treatment and survival of malignant extracranial germ cell tumours in the paediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Hulsker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/ju.0000000000003694","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of early-stage testicular cancer: AUA Guideline Amendment 2023","volume":"211","author":"Stephenson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30426","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.30426","article-title":"Adjuvant chemotherapy does not improve outcome in children with ovarian immature teratoma: a comparative analysis of clinical trial data from the Malignant Germ Cell International Consortium","volume":"70","author":"Vieira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2019.03.001","article-title":"A multicentre retrospective cohort study of ovarian germ cell tumours: evidence for chemotherapy de-escalation and alignment of paediatric and adult practice","volume":"113","author":"Newton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1097\/xcs.0000000000000999","article-title":"Race and ethnic group enrollment and outcomes for Wilms tumor: analysis of the current era children\u2019s oncology group study, AREN03B2","volume":"238","author":"Lovvorn","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70598","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70598","article-title":"Incidence and survival of children and adolescents with Wilms tumor, United States, 2001-2020","volume":"14","author":"Espinoza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32569","article-title":"Survival differences by race\/ethnicity among children and adolescents diagnosed with germ cell tumors","volume":"146","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.Epi-21-0103","article-title":"Impact of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status over time on the long-term survival of adolescent and young adult Hodgkin lymphoma survivors","volume":"30","author":"Berkman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25802","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in the pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma population","volume":"63","author":"Grubb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2009.25.6321","article-title":"Prognostic impact of specific chromosomal aberrations in a large group of pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated uniformly according to trial AML-BFM 98","volume":"28","author":"von Neuhoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2009.24.8997","article-title":"Cytogenetics of childhood acute myeloid leukemia: United Kingdom medical research council treatment trials AML 10 and 12","volume":"28","author":"Harrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2008.17.9184","article-title":"Significance of MYCN amplification in international neuroblastoma staging system stage 1 and 2 neuroblastoma: a report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group database","volume":"27","author":"Bagatell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27819","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27819","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of context dependence of the prognostic impact of MYCN amplification in neuroblastoma: a report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) project","volume":"66","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24532","article-title":"PAX-FOXO1 fusion status drives unfavorable outcome for children with rhabdomyosarcoma: a children\u2019s oncology group report","volume":"60","author":"Skapek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2411726-e2411726","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.11726","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics, race, and treatment outcome in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"7","author":"Lamba","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4992","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021004735","article-title":"Association of race and ethnicity with clinical phenotype, genetics, and survival in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"5","author":"Conneely","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31826cbbbd","article-title":"A prospective study of expectant observation as primary therapy for neuroblastoma in young infants: a Children\u2019s Oncology Group study","volume":"256","author":"Nuchtern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.19.00919","article-title":"Maintaining outstanding outcomes using response- and biology-based therapy for intermediate-risk neuroblastoma: a report from the children\u2019s oncology group study ANBL0531","volume":"37","author":"Twist","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.11642","article-title":"Effect of tandem autologous stem cell transplant vs single transplant on event-free survival in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"322","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30732","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.30732","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of neuroblastoma incidence, survival, and racial and ethnic disparities from 2001 to 2019","volume":"71","author":"Campbell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28329","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.28329","article-title":"Trends in conditional survival and predictors of late death in neuroblastoma","volume":"67","author":"Olsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030388","article-title":"Surgical advances in osteosarcoma","volume":"13","author":"Brookes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30572","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.30572","article-title":"Children\u2019s oncology group\u2019s 2023 blueprint for research: neuroblastoma","volume":"70 Suppl 6","author":"Bagatell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-4642(25)00241-x","article-title":"Late effects after high-risk neuroblastoma (LEAHRN): a multicentre, cross-sectional cohort study from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group","volume":"9","author":"Henderson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30556","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.30556","article-title":"Children\u2019s oncology group\u2019s 2023 blueprint for research: soft tissue sarcomas","volume":"70","author":"Oberoi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2017.08.015","article-title":"Conditional survival of pediatric, adolescent, and young adult soft tissue sarcoma and bone tumor patients","volume":"50","author":"Ou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21871","article-title":"Cancer Statistics, 2025","volume":"75","author":"Siegel","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2027738-e2027738","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.27738","article-title":"Trends in cancer incidence in US Adolescents and Young Adults, 1973-2015","volume":"3","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3802","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.35535","article-title":"A guide to large data sets for population-based cancer research: strengths, limitations, and pitfalls","volume":"130","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26058","article-title":"Research challenges in adolescent and young adult cancer survivor research","volume":"117","author":"Tonorezos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29170","article-title":"Conditional survival in pediatric malignancies: analysis of data from the childhood cancer survivor study and the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program","volume":"121","author":"Mertens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2009.22.3339","article-title":"The childhood cancer survivor study: a national cancer institute\u2013supported resource for outcome and intervention research","volume":"27","author":"Robison","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/s0895-4356(97)00099-1","article-title":"Generalizability of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results registry population: factors relevant to epidemiologic and health care research","volume":"50","author":"Nattinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-004-1324-5","article-title":"How representative are the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program cancer data of the United States?","volume":"15","author":"Merrill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.Epi-21-0117","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in childhood cancer survival in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31560","article-title":"Does socioeconomic status account for racial and ethnic disparities in childhood cancer survival?","volume":"124","author":"Kehm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026100903514913900_djag155-B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.6074","article-title":"Associations between race\/ethnicity and US childhood and adolescent cancer survival by treatment amenability","volume":"174","author":"Delavar","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jnci\/djag155\/68328553\/djag155.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/article-pdf\/118\/10\/1919\/68328553\/djag155.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/article-pdf\/118\/10\/1919\/68328553\/djag155.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:51:56Z","timestamp":1791532316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/article\/118\/10\/1919\/8686391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djag155","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8874","1460-2105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8874","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]}}}