{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T08:23:44Z","timestamp":1794299024930,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Dutch Cancer Society","award":["6987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6987"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0368jnd28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Dutch Cancer Society","award":["12560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12560"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0368jnd28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"ZonMw Programme Electromagnetic Fields and Health","award":["8520001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8520001"]}]},{"name":"ZonMw Programme Electromagnetic Fields and Health","award":["85500003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["85500003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Body mass index and physical activity are among the best-established risk factors for breast cancer (BC). We examined changes in these factors and postmenopausal BC risk in a cohort of registered Dutch female nurses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants completed a questionnaire at enrollment and up to 2 follow-up questionnaires. Body mass index (BMI, in kg\/m2) and physical activity were assessed at age 18, at enrollment, and prospectively around menopause. Associations with postmenopausal BC risk were assessed using multivariable Cox models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With a median follow-up of 13.2\u2009years, 1776 incident breast cancers occurred among 43\u2009127 postmenopausal women. A BMI \u226525 at menopause was associated with increased BC risk. A high level of sports activity was associated with decreased BC risk (Ptrend .04) only among overweight (BMI = \u226525 to 30) women. The hazard ratio (HR) for postmenopausal BC increased 1.06-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04 to 1.09) with every 5\u2009kg weight gain between age 18 and menopause. Physical activity did not modify this association. Women with normal weight at enrollment who developed overweight\/obesity had increased risk of postmenopausal BC (HR\u2009=\u20091.39, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.06 to 1.83). We observed no clear associations between changes in physical activity since enrollment and BC risk, irrespective of BMI changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Weight gain between age 18 and menopause is associated with increased postmenopausal BC risk, irrespective of physical activity. Being overweight\/obese and developing overweight\/obesity at menopause increases postmenopausal BC risk; however, higher sports activity at the time of enrollment may be associated with a lower BC risk among overweight women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djag177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:49:44Z","timestamp":1780487384000},"page":"2073-2082","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Change in body mass index and physical activity and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in a cohort of Dutch nurses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4519-9286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henri\u00ebtte M","family":"Van Duijne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0369-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina E","family":"Berentzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4082-8163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roel C H","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9096-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelle J","family":"Vlaanderen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4233-1890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Kromhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9614-6586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"J\u00f3\u017awiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostatistics and Registry Research, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane , Neuruppin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9321-7919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Rookus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-1484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flora E","family":"Van Leeuwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4390-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Schaapveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026111002520650600_djag177-B1","author":"World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026111002520650600_djag177-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16081583","article-title":"Causes and risk factors of breast cancer, what do we know for sure? 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