{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:18:07Z","timestamp":1783523887947,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sygeforsikringen \u201cDanmark\u201d","award":["2021-0128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-0128"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Combined estrogen\u2013progestin oral contraceptives are classified as hepatic carcinogens based largely on older studies of outdated formulations, creating uncertainty about the risks of contemporary hormonal contraceptives. We conducted a Danish nationwide registry-based cohort study including 1\u2009957\u2009490 women aged 15-49\u2009years followed from 1995 to 2021 to examine current hormonal contraceptive use and liver cancer risk. Use was assessed as a time-dependent exposure using prescription data, and cancer diagnoses were identified through the Danish Cancer Registry. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated using Poisson regression. During 24.5 million person-years of follow-up, 130 women developed liver cancer. Ever use of hormonal contraception was not associated with liver cancer risk (IRR\u2009=\u20090.76, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.50 to 1.15), nor were current use, product type, duration, or time since last use. Findings suggest that contemporary hormonal contraceptives are not associated with increased liver cancer risk and support reassessment of existing carcinogenic classifications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djag184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T11:45:42Z","timestamp":1781091942000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Liver cancer risk in the context of today\u2019s hormonal contraceptives"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1819-8811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Rand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Medicine, Danish Cancer Institute , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5420-1981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline H","family":"Hemmingsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Medicine, Danish Cancer Institute , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Institute , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8347-1398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne K","family":"Kjaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Institute , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Gynaecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8644-0822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmin","family":"Arvedsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Medicine, Danish Cancer Institute , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4549-8271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amani","family":"Meaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Medicine, Danish Cancer Institute , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma Ove","family":"Dahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Medicine, Danish Cancer Institute , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6506-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina S","family":"M\u00f8rch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Medicine, Danish Cancer Institute , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070810520492100_djag184-B1","volume-title":"A Review of Human Carcinogens","author":"Centre international de recherche sur le cancer","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026070810520492100_djag184-B2","volume-title":"Hormonal Contraception and Post-Menopausal Hormonal Therapy","author":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026070810520492100_djag184-B3","author":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026070810520492100_djag184-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(25)00222-0","article-title":"Oral contraceptive use and risk of liver cancer: a population-based study, systematic review, and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Watling","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026070810520492100_djag184-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000356","article-title":"Cancer risk in women using the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in Finland","volume":"124","author":"Soini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026070810520492100_djag184-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(25)00290-6","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and risk of liver cancer","volume":"26","author":"Iversen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"}],"container-title":["JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jnci\/djag184\/68585906\/djag184.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jnci\/djag184\/68585906\/djag184.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T14:52:14Z","timestamp":1783522334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/jnci\/djag184\/8714067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":6,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djag184","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8874","1460-2105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8874","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"article-number":"djag184"}}