{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:29:30Z","timestamp":1787164170670,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male individuals have a higher incidence of most nonreproductive cancers than female individuals, a rate that has often been attributed to differences in lifestyle or behaviors. We examined whether sex differences in cancer incidence are attenuated among immunocompromised adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from a population-based linkage study of HIV and cancer registries (2001-2019), we estimated male to female incidence rate ratios among people with HIV for 20 cancer sites. We used Poisson regression to adjust for age, race and ethnicity, calendar year, HIV transmission category, and HIV diagnosis year. We compared the male to female incidence rate ratios among people with HIV vs among the general population using the \u03c72 test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People with HIV contributed 3\u2009956\u2009838 person-years of follow-up (53.6% among male individuals, 46.4% among female individuals). The male to female incidence rate ratio among people with HIV was statistically significantly attenuated compared with the general population for 9 cancer sites: tongue (1.39 vs 2.94; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), oropharynx (1.80 vs 4.74; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), esophagus (1.36 vs 3.43; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), colon (0.90 vs 1.19; P\u2009=\u2009.002), liver (2.20 vs 4.22; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), larynx (1.50 vs 4.32; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), lung (0.92 vs 1.39; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), bladder (1.21 vs 3.02; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (1.35 vs 1.65; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Hodgkin lymphoma was the only site where the incidence rate ratio among people with HIV was statistically significantly larger than the general population (1.96 vs 1.45; P\u2009=\u2009.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the incidence of most cancers remained higher among male compared to female people with HIV, the sex difference was attenuated among people with HIV for 9 cancers, suggesting that important immune differences between male and female individuals in the general population contribute to differences in cancer incidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djag185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T11:46:52Z","timestamp":1781178412000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex differences in cancer incidence among people with HIV 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